The urgent need to achieve climate neutrality and counteract the effects of climate change requires the agricultural sector to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and capture carbon through natural sinks. Carbon farming has emerged as a key model for achieving these goals, contributing to the development of Carbon Markets in which carbon credit trading aims to offset emissions from different economic sectors. This thesis adopts a multidisciplinary approach to analyze the environmental, social and economic implications of carbon sequestration in agricultural soils and participation in the Carbon Market. The study involves two citrus farms in Sicily, managed under conventional and regenerative methods, respectively, along with a sample of farmers from the region. After a thorough review of the available literature on the subject, the environmental assessment was conducted by quantifying the Carbon Balance using the Carbon Footprint methodology and the SALUS crop model. The results paved the way for analyzing Sicilian farmers' intentions to participate in the Voluntary Carbon Market through the application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior, highlighting the influencing factors. Finally, the economic evaluation was carried out by compiling farm balance sheets for both types of citrus management and assessing three scenarios: “business as usual”, in which farmers receive Common Agricultural Policy aid; “participation in the Voluntary Carbon Market”, through the generation of offset credits; and the hypothetical “inclusion of the agricultural sector in the Compliance Carbon Market”, from which it is currently excluded in Europe. The results of the study highlight that, unlike a well-established Compliance Carbon Market, the European Union is still in the early stages of establishing a Voluntary Carbon Market. The agricultural sector, particularly the citrus sector, has significant potential for carbon sequestration in soils. However, the high costs associated with implementing sustainable agricultural practices and developing sequestration projects pose a significant barrier to farmers' participation. This work offers substantial insights for policymakers, farmers, and researchers in the field, and serves as a foundational reference that calls for further investigation to fully explore the opportunities offered to the agricultural sector by Carbon Markets.
L’urgente necessità di raggiungere la neutralità climatica e contrastare i fenomeni del cambiamento climatico richiede al settore agricolo la riduzione delle emissioni di gas ad effetto serra e la cattura di carbonio attraverso pozzi naturali. Le pratiche di “carbon farming” sono emerse come un modello chiave per raggiungere questi obiettivi, contribuendo allo sviluppo dei Mercati del Carbonio in cui la commercializzazione dei crediti di carbonio ha l’obiettivo di compensare le emissioni di diversi settori. La ricerca ha adottato un approccio multidisciplinare per analizzare le implicazioni ambientali, sociali ed economiche del sequestro di carbonio nei suoli agricoli e della partecipazione al Mercato del Carbonio. Lo studio coinvolge aziende del comparto agrumicolo in Sicilia, gestite secondo il metodo convenzionale e secondo pratiche rigenerative, oltre a un campione di agricoltori della regione. Dopo un’attenta analisi della letteratura disponibile sull’argomento, la valutazione ambientale è stata condotta attraverso la quantificazione del Bilancio del Carbonio secondo la metodologia Carbon Footprint e il modello colturale SALUS. Il risultato ottenuto ha aperto la strada all’analisi dell’intenzione degli agricoltori siciliani a partecipare al Mercato Volontario del Carbonio attraverso l’applicazione della Teoria Estesa del Comportamento Programmato, mettendo in luce i fattori che la influenzano. Infine l'analisi economica è stata realizzata attraverso la compilazione dei bilanci aziendali per entrambi i tipi di gestione agrumicola, valutando tre scenari: “business as usual” in cui gli agricoltori percepiscono gli aiuti della Politica Agricola Comunitaria, “partecipazione al Mercato Volontario del Carbonio” attraverso la generazione di crediti di compensazione, e l'ipotetica “inclusione del settore agricolo nel Mercato del Carbonio di Conformità”, attualmente escluso in Europa. I risultati dello studio evidenziano che, a differenza di un ben consolidato Mercato del Carbonio di Conformità, l’Unione Europea sta ancora muovendo i primi passi verso la creazione di un Mercato Volontario. Il settore agricolo, e in particolare quello agrumicolo, possiede un notevole potenziale per il sequestro di carbonio nei suoli. Tuttavia, i costi elevati associati all'implementazione di pratiche agricole sostenibili e allo sviluppo di progetti di sequestro rappresentano un ostacolo significativo per la partecipazione degli agricoltori. Questo lavoro fornisce numerosi spunti di riflessione per i decisori politici, gli agricoltori e i ricercatori del settore, pur rappresentando un punto di partenza che richiede ulteriori studi per esplorare pienamente le opportunità offerte al settore agricolo dai Mercati del Carbonio.
The dynamics of voluntary carbon market in agriculture: a comprehensive analysis of environmental, social, and economic perspectives [Le dinamiche del mercato volontario del carbonio in agricoltura: un'analisi completa delle prospettive ambientali, sociali ed economiche]
CAMMARATA, MARIARITA
2025
Abstract
The urgent need to achieve climate neutrality and counteract the effects of climate change requires the agricultural sector to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and capture carbon through natural sinks. Carbon farming has emerged as a key model for achieving these goals, contributing to the development of Carbon Markets in which carbon credit trading aims to offset emissions from different economic sectors. This thesis adopts a multidisciplinary approach to analyze the environmental, social and economic implications of carbon sequestration in agricultural soils and participation in the Carbon Market. The study involves two citrus farms in Sicily, managed under conventional and regenerative methods, respectively, along with a sample of farmers from the region. After a thorough review of the available literature on the subject, the environmental assessment was conducted by quantifying the Carbon Balance using the Carbon Footprint methodology and the SALUS crop model. The results paved the way for analyzing Sicilian farmers' intentions to participate in the Voluntary Carbon Market through the application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior, highlighting the influencing factors. Finally, the economic evaluation was carried out by compiling farm balance sheets for both types of citrus management and assessing three scenarios: “business as usual”, in which farmers receive Common Agricultural Policy aid; “participation in the Voluntary Carbon Market”, through the generation of offset credits; and the hypothetical “inclusion of the agricultural sector in the Compliance Carbon Market”, from which it is currently excluded in Europe. The results of the study highlight that, unlike a well-established Compliance Carbon Market, the European Union is still in the early stages of establishing a Voluntary Carbon Market. The agricultural sector, particularly the citrus sector, has significant potential for carbon sequestration in soils. However, the high costs associated with implementing sustainable agricultural practices and developing sequestration projects pose a significant barrier to farmers' participation. This work offers substantial insights for policymakers, farmers, and researchers in the field, and serves as a foundational reference that calls for further investigation to fully explore the opportunities offered to the agricultural sector by Carbon Markets.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/295659
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-295659