This thesis deals with the perception of religious otherness in the context of medieval Asia. I use as a point of reference a corpus of travelogues written by Christian observers between 1245 and 1356: John of Pian del Carpine, William of Rubruck, Hethum I, Marco Polo, Ricoldo of Monte Croce, Hayton of Corycus, John of Montecorvino, Jordan Catala of Severac, Odoric of Pordenone, the anonymous author of De statu, conditione, ac regimine Magni Canis, John of Marignolli, and John Mandeville.I focus on how these authors, who travelled to Central Asia, the Far East, and the Indian subcontinent, perceived non-Christian religions. In particular, I analyse their descriptions of Buddhist and Hindu religions according to a three-part structure: images, religious groups, and religious practices.First, I show that the stereotypical view of non-Christian sacred images as idols to be destroyed was challenged by the travellers’ experiences. In fact, they lauded the exquisite craftsmanship of these images, and sometimes they even mis-identified them for Christian sacred images because of shared iconographic similarities.Second, I argue that the medieval lore of the East as a non-Christian land inhabited by monsters was not paralleled by the travellers' experiences. Indeed, they encountered Buddhists monks, Brahmans, and yogis, and emphasised shared similarities between these religious groups and the Christian clergy in terms of physical appearance, monastic routine, and ethics. Third, I analyse the ways in which the travellers perceived non-Christian religious practices, that were described stressing parallels with the Christian ones. For instance, the Buddhist mala was compared to the Christian circulum precatorium. Furthermore, I consider the cases where the travellers faced practices that did not belong to Christianity (such as the cremation of the corpses). In these instances, the authors of travelogues tried to provide explanations for them rather than harsh judgments.In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that the experience of the travellers beyond the borders of Christianity proved to be disorienting. In fact, not only it challenged the traditional medieval beliefs about the East, but also blurred the boundaries between the Christians and their supposed others. My research also considers the travelogues' mise-en-image in a corpus of twenty illuminated manuscripts, the majority of which date back to the 15th century. The thesis includes a catalogue of the manuscripts and a catalogue of the miniatures. The first catalogue provides an in-depth analysis of the twenty manuscripts, with one entry for each of them. The second establishes a corpus of 133 miniatures depicting religious otherness, 58 of which are unpublished, which are analysed from an iconographical point of view.
Questa tesi si occupa della percezione dell'alterità religiosa nel contesto dell'Asia medievale. In particolare, fa riferimento a un corpus di relazioni di viaggio scritte da osservatori cristiani tra il 1245 e il 1356: Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Guglielmo di Rubruck, Aitone I (re della Cilicia Armena), Marco Polo, Ricoldo da Monte Croce, Aitone da Corico, Giovanni da Montecorvino, Giordano da Séverac, Odorico da Pordenone, l'anonimo autore del De statu, conditione, ac regimine Magni Canis, Giovanni de' Marignolli e John Mandeville. Tali fonti sono analizzate con un'attenzione particolare al modo in cui questi viaggiatori percepirono le religioni 'altre' dell'Asia centrale, dell'Estremo Oriente e del subcontinente indiano. In particolare, la tesi presenta una struttura tripartita, che considera rispettivamente le immagini, i gruppi religiosi le pratiche religiose dell'Asia medievale.L'analisi delle relazioni di viaggio mostra che la visione stereotipata delle immagini non cristiane come idoli da distruggere fu messa in discussione dall'esperienza dei viaggiatori. Infatti, essi lodarono la qualità e la fattura delle immagini sacre orientali, che talvolta scambiarono persino per immagini sacre cristiane a causa di somiglianze iconografiche.In secondo luogo, la tesi dimostra che il mito medievale dell'Oriente come una terra non cristiana abitata da mostri entrò in conflitto con l'esperienza dei viaggiatori. Quest'ultimi, infatti, incontrarono monaci buddisti, brahmani e yogi, e rimasero impressionati dalle somiglianze tra tali gruppi religiosi e quelli cristiani-occidentali in termini di aspetto fisico, disciplina monastica ed etica. In terzo luogo, i viaggiatori descrissero le pratiche religiose non cristiane, mettendo in luce una serie di somiglianze con quelle cristiane. Ad esempio, paragonarono il mala buddista al al circulum precatorium cristiano. Allo stesso modo, quando si trovarono di fronte a pratiche che non trovavano riscontro nella tradizione cristiana dell'Europa Latina (come la cremazione dei cadaveri), cercarono di comprenderle avanzando spiegazioni (spesso fantasiose), senza mai avanzare giudizi severi.Nel complesso, questa tesi mette a fuoco come i viaggiatori recatisi al di là del confini della Cristianità vissero un'esperienza profondamente disorientante. Infatti, non solo dovettero mettere in discussione le loro credenze sull'Oriente, ma scoprirono anche di avere molto in comune con i popoli non cristiani dell'Asia.La mia ricerca analizza anche il modo in cui le relazioni di viaggio vennero raffigurate in un corpus di venti manoscritti miniati, corredati da veri e propri cicli iconografici, la maggior parte dei quali di XV secolo. La tesi comprende un catalogo dei manoscritti e un catalogo delle miniature. Il primo analizza i venti manoscritti, con una voce per ciascuno. Il secondo stabilisce un corpus di 133 miniature il cui soggetto è riconducibile, in vario modo, all'aterità religiosa asiatica. Tali miniature sono analizzate da un punto di vista iconografico. Di queste, 58 sono inedite.
The Religious Landscape of Medieval Asia in European Travelogues (13th – 15th centuries)
TIOLI, Eleonora
2024
Abstract
This thesis deals with the perception of religious otherness in the context of medieval Asia. I use as a point of reference a corpus of travelogues written by Christian observers between 1245 and 1356: John of Pian del Carpine, William of Rubruck, Hethum I, Marco Polo, Ricoldo of Monte Croce, Hayton of Corycus, John of Montecorvino, Jordan Catala of Severac, Odoric of Pordenone, the anonymous author of De statu, conditione, ac regimine Magni Canis, John of Marignolli, and John Mandeville.I focus on how these authors, who travelled to Central Asia, the Far East, and the Indian subcontinent, perceived non-Christian religions. In particular, I analyse their descriptions of Buddhist and Hindu religions according to a three-part structure: images, religious groups, and religious practices.First, I show that the stereotypical view of non-Christian sacred images as idols to be destroyed was challenged by the travellers’ experiences. In fact, they lauded the exquisite craftsmanship of these images, and sometimes they even mis-identified them for Christian sacred images because of shared iconographic similarities.Second, I argue that the medieval lore of the East as a non-Christian land inhabited by monsters was not paralleled by the travellers' experiences. Indeed, they encountered Buddhists monks, Brahmans, and yogis, and emphasised shared similarities between these religious groups and the Christian clergy in terms of physical appearance, monastic routine, and ethics. Third, I analyse the ways in which the travellers perceived non-Christian religious practices, that were described stressing parallels with the Christian ones. For instance, the Buddhist mala was compared to the Christian circulum precatorium. Furthermore, I consider the cases where the travellers faced practices that did not belong to Christianity (such as the cremation of the corpses). In these instances, the authors of travelogues tried to provide explanations for them rather than harsh judgments.In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that the experience of the travellers beyond the borders of Christianity proved to be disorienting. In fact, not only it challenged the traditional medieval beliefs about the East, but also blurred the boundaries between the Christians and their supposed others. My research also considers the travelogues' mise-en-image in a corpus of twenty illuminated manuscripts, the majority of which date back to the 15th century. The thesis includes a catalogue of the manuscripts and a catalogue of the miniatures. The first catalogue provides an in-depth analysis of the twenty manuscripts, with one entry for each of them. The second establishes a corpus of 133 miniatures depicting religious otherness, 58 of which are unpublished, which are analysed from an iconographical point of view.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/304291
URN:NBN:IT:SNS-304291