The thesis work consists of an analysis of the Sondrio witch hunt, conducted by the dominican Modesto Scrofeo from Vicenza in 1523. The main sources used in the investigation are the works written by the inquisitor, handed down from manuscript 317 in the Biblioteca Casanatense in Rome, and the trial proceedings of the persecution, kept in the Sondrio State Archive. First, the research focused on Scrofeo, reconstructing his biography and intellectual profile. The analysis aimed to define some key points as presented by Scrofeo’s reflection: the witch paradigm; the inquisitorial modus procedendi; the role and characteristics of the inquisitor. From the inquisitor, the investigation was then shifted to the inquisite. Micro-historical research was conducted on a small scale in Sondrio, to assess whether the social-political mechanisms within the community of the Valtellina burgher had influenced the course and outcome of the witch hunt. Thus, the profiles of all forty inquisites and the men in the service of the inquisitor were reconstructed. The results showed that initially the community did not interfere with the inquisitions, even the latter did not affect some members of the burgher elite. Starting from the trial of Violanta Pestalozzi, wife of the richest man in Sondrio, Stefano Merlo, the situation changed, eventually precipitating with the expulsion of the inquisitor at the behest of the community itself. Thus, internal social-political mechanisms played a significant role in the witch hunt because they determined the course of the inquisitorial action, demonstrating the inquisitor’s weakness in the absence of local support. Within the micro-historical investigation, the inquisition of Violanta Pestalozzi was examined in depth because it was a remarkable episode. In fact, in addition to the weight the trial had for the end of the witch hunt, the case attests to both a legal defence put in place to exonerate an alleged witch and a medico-legal expertise, during which an inspectio ventris and a urinoscopic analysis were performed. Finally, in the last part of the research the modus procedendi of the secular courts of the Three Leagues regarding the treatment of witchcraft crime has been analyzed, since, after Scrofeo, the Statutes of Grisons stipulated that the persecution of witchcraft was no longer the prerogative of the ecclesiastical courts. It turned out that the secular magistrates continued the anti-witchcraft fight and used the same procedure as the inquisitors had previously used. The differences are noticeable from a conceptual point of view: the secular courts no longer prosecuted witchcraft crime on the religious grounds of the apocalyptic conspiracy hatched by the secta maleficorum. In fact, the accusations in the lay trials of the 16th century mainly concern maleficia and the consequent damage to persons or their property, while, except for a few realities (e.g. Grosotto, Bormio), references to nocturnal flight and ludum are absent. This general mistrust of certain witchcraft elements led to a deepening of the spread of skeptical ideas in the Alpine territory at the beginning of the 16th century and to a comparison with the Spanish case, as the junta of Granada in 1526 established greater moderation in witchcraft trials, urging the verification of the reality of night flights.
Il lavoro di tesi consiste nell’analisi della caccia alle streghe di Sondrio, condotta dal frate Predicatore Modesto Scrofeo da Vicenza nel 1523. Le fonti precipue utilizzate nell’indagine sono le opere scritte dall’inquisitore, tramandate dal manoscritto 317 della Biblioteca Casanatense di Roma, e gli atti processuali della persecuzione, conservati presso l’Archivio di Stato di Sondrio. Inizialmente, la ricerca si focalizza su Scrofeo, ricostruendo la biografia e il profilo intellettuale del frate Predicatore. L’analisi ha inteso di definire alcuni punti chiave così come vengono presentati dalla riflessione di Scrofeo: il paradigma stregonico; il modus procedendi inquisitoriale; il ruolo e le caratteristiche del giudice di fede. Dall’inquisitore, l’indagine è stata poi spostata agli inquisiti. È stata condotta una ricerca microstorica su scala ridotta a Sondrio, al fine di valutare se i meccanismi politico-sociali, interni alla comunità del borgo valtellinese, avessero influito sullo svolgimento e sugli esiti della caccia alle streghe. Così, sono stati ricostruiti i profili di tutti i quaranta inquisiti e degli uomini al servizio dell’inquisitore. I risultati hanno dimostrato che inizialmente la comunità non interferì con le inquisizioni, finanche queste non colpirono alcuni membri dell’élite borghigiana. A partire dal processo di Violanta Pestalozzi, moglie dell’uomo più ricco di Sondrio, Stefano Merlo, la situazione cambiò, fino a precipitare con la cacciata dell’inquisitore per volere della stessa comunità. Dunque, i meccanismi politico-sociali interni ebbero un ruolo rilevante nella caccia alle streghe perché determinarono l’andamento dell’azione inquisitoriale, dimostrando la debolezza dell’inquisitore in assenza di un sostegno locale. Entro l’indagine microstorica è stata approfondita l’inquisizione di Violanta Pestalozzi perché fu un episodio notevole. Infatti, oltre al peso che il processo ebbe per il termine della caccia stregonica, il caso attesta sia una difesa legale messa in atto per prosciogliere una presunta strega, sia un’expertise medico-legale nel corso della quale venne effettuata un’inspectio ventris e un’analisi urinoscopica. Infine, nell’ultima parte della ricerca è stato analizzato il modus procedendi dei tribunali laici delle Tre Leghe riguardo il trattamento del crimine stregonico, dato che, dopo Scrofeo, gli Statuti dei Grigioni stabilirono che la persecuzione della stregoneria non fosse più prerogativa dei tribunali ecclesiastici. È emerso che i magistrati secolari proseguirono la lotta antistregonica e si avvalsero della medesima procedura utilizzata in precedenza dagli inquisitori. Le differenze si notano dal punto di vista concettuale, perché i tribunali laici non perseguirono più il crimine stregonico per il motivo religioso della cospirazione apocalittica ordita dalla secta maleficorum. Infatti, le accuse dei processi laici del Cinquecento riguardarono principalmente i maleficia e i conseguenti danni a persone o ai loro beni, mentre, eccetto per qualche realtà (e.g. Grosotto, Bormio), sono assenti i riferimenti al volo notturno e al ludum. Questa generale diffidenza riguardo alcuni elementi stregonici ha comportato l’approfondimento della diffusione di idee scettiche nel territorio alpino all’inizio del XV secolo e il confronto con il caso spagnolo, poiché la junta di Granada del 1526 stabilì maggior moderazione nei processi stregonici, esortando a verificare la realtà dei voli notturni.
«Nephandissima maledictaque secta strigiarum»: fra' Modesto Scrofeo e la caccia alle streghe di Sondrio
LOVISON, Giulia
2024
Abstract
The thesis work consists of an analysis of the Sondrio witch hunt, conducted by the dominican Modesto Scrofeo from Vicenza in 1523. The main sources used in the investigation are the works written by the inquisitor, handed down from manuscript 317 in the Biblioteca Casanatense in Rome, and the trial proceedings of the persecution, kept in the Sondrio State Archive. First, the research focused on Scrofeo, reconstructing his biography and intellectual profile. The analysis aimed to define some key points as presented by Scrofeo’s reflection: the witch paradigm; the inquisitorial modus procedendi; the role and characteristics of the inquisitor. From the inquisitor, the investigation was then shifted to the inquisite. Micro-historical research was conducted on a small scale in Sondrio, to assess whether the social-political mechanisms within the community of the Valtellina burgher had influenced the course and outcome of the witch hunt. Thus, the profiles of all forty inquisites and the men in the service of the inquisitor were reconstructed. The results showed that initially the community did not interfere with the inquisitions, even the latter did not affect some members of the burgher elite. Starting from the trial of Violanta Pestalozzi, wife of the richest man in Sondrio, Stefano Merlo, the situation changed, eventually precipitating with the expulsion of the inquisitor at the behest of the community itself. Thus, internal social-political mechanisms played a significant role in the witch hunt because they determined the course of the inquisitorial action, demonstrating the inquisitor’s weakness in the absence of local support. Within the micro-historical investigation, the inquisition of Violanta Pestalozzi was examined in depth because it was a remarkable episode. In fact, in addition to the weight the trial had for the end of the witch hunt, the case attests to both a legal defence put in place to exonerate an alleged witch and a medico-legal expertise, during which an inspectio ventris and a urinoscopic analysis were performed. Finally, in the last part of the research the modus procedendi of the secular courts of the Three Leagues regarding the treatment of witchcraft crime has been analyzed, since, after Scrofeo, the Statutes of Grisons stipulated that the persecution of witchcraft was no longer the prerogative of the ecclesiastical courts. It turned out that the secular magistrates continued the anti-witchcraft fight and used the same procedure as the inquisitors had previously used. The differences are noticeable from a conceptual point of view: the secular courts no longer prosecuted witchcraft crime on the religious grounds of the apocalyptic conspiracy hatched by the secta maleficorum. In fact, the accusations in the lay trials of the 16th century mainly concern maleficia and the consequent damage to persons or their property, while, except for a few realities (e.g. Grosotto, Bormio), references to nocturnal flight and ludum are absent. This general mistrust of certain witchcraft elements led to a deepening of the spread of skeptical ideas in the Alpine territory at the beginning of the 16th century and to a comparison with the Spanish case, as the junta of Granada in 1526 established greater moderation in witchcraft trials, urging the verification of the reality of night flights.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Tesi.pdf
accesso aperto
Licenza:
Tutti i diritti riservati
Dimensione
8.52 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
8.52 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/305869
URN:NBN:IT:SNS-305869