This dissertation studies how Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci used humanist methods to interpret and accommodate Western humanistic knowledge for proselytization in China, focusing on his mnemonic treatise, Jifa 記法 (Mnemonic rules, c. 1596, hereafter Jifa). It builds on the work of scholars like Goodman-Grafton, Carruthers, and Bolzoni who argue that a full analysis of Jifa within the context of the Renaissance would expand our understanding of both the European mnemonic tradition and the Jesuit mission to China. Using interdisciplinary approaches such as comparative historiography, new historicism, philology, and literary criticism, I examine how Ricci’s “accommodationism” and the Jesuits’ global networks shaped Jifa’s genesis and influenced its reception among both Jesuit and Chinese readers. I argue that the cross-cultural training and uses of memory shaped Ricci’s knowledge formation and evangelization. Moreover, I contend that the previously underestimated impact of both Jifa and the mnemonic-encyclopedic nature of Ricci’s other works facilitated the preaching of Catholicism among the high echelons of Chinese society over centuries. These efforts also contributed to European knowledge formation about the Jesuit mission in China among at the time. Evidence from Jesuit social networks and the history of reading/writing in the late 16th century support my argument that Ricci’s writing and thought were shaped by both Renaissance Italian and Confucian influences. Taking Jifa as an exemplar of the Global Renaissance, I show how the Jesuits’ interactions with non-European people, places, and ideas contributed to the developments in Renaissance civilization and facilitated its spread beyond Europe.Chapter One, "Global Renaissance: From the East to the West - The Tenshō Embassy (1582-90) in the Late Italian Renaissance", reconstructs the experiential and imaginary encounters between the first Japanese embassy to Europe and the Counter-Reformation Italian male poets. It takes the Tenshō embassy as an exemplar of the Global Renaissance to illustrate how knowledge of the Asian others enriched and impacted the Italian Renaissance.Chapter Two, "Global Renaissance: From the West to the East - Matteo Ricci and the Fortune of Alexander the Great in China", examines Ricci’s efforts in the allegorical reinterpretation and translation of Western classics for a Confucian readership, focusing on narratives about Alexander and Mnemonists. Ricci’s use of exegetical, rhetorical, and “accommodationist” strategies for intercultural proselytization and codifying knowledge is illustrated here as an exemplar of the Global Renaissance.Chapter Three, "Matteo Ricci Between the European Ars Memorativa and Chinese Mnemonic Practices ", identifies Jifa’s sources and explores Ricci’s practices of artificial memory. It illustrates the textual relationship between Jifa and other works. This chapter also explores the connection between memory, imagery, spatiality, and visual representation in both Jifa and Ricci’s 1602 World Maps, demonstrating that their rhetorical, mnemonic, and encyclopedic functions consolidated Ricci’s authority as a Western scholar.Chapter Four, "Genesis of Jifa and Its Critical Reception in Europe and China (16th-17th centuries)", reconstructs Jifa’s composition and transmission. It investigates aspects of collaborative authorship, Jesuit censorship, critical reception, and the circulation of Jifa in both Europe and China. The dissertation concludes with the first complete annotated Italian translation of Jifa.
Questa tesi esplora come il gesuita Matteo Ricci impiegò il corredo umanistico-letterario per tradurre e adattare i saperi occidentali in Cina, concentrandosi sul suo trattato mnemonico, il Jifa 記法 (Regole mnemoniche, circa 1596, d’ora in poi Jifa). Lo studio si fonda sulle ricerche di studiosi quali Howard L. Goodman e Anthony Grafton, i quali sostengono che un’analisi approfondita del Jifa nel contesto del Rinascimento potrebbe arricchire la nostra comprensione tanto della tradizione mnemonica europea quanto della missione gesuita di Ricci in Cina nella prima modernità. Attraverso la combinazione di metodologie interdisciplinari, come la storiografia comparata, il New Historicism, la filologia dei testi a stampa e la critica letteraria, la mia ricerca è volta a capire il modo in cui l’accomodamento culturale di Ricci e le reti globali gesuitiche abbiano influenzato la genesi di Jifa. A mio avviso la formazione interculturale di Ricci e il suo utilizzo dei metodi umanistici occidentali hanno avuto un ruolo cruciale nella costruzione dei nuovi saperi e nelle sue attività evangeliche. Il Jifa, insieme alla natura propagandistica e allegorica delle altre opere ricciane, ha agevolato la diffusione del cattolicesimo tra le élite della società cinese nei secoli. Questi sforzi hanno altresì contribuito a plasmare la conoscenza europea sulla missione gesuita in Cina nel tardo Cinquecento e nel Seicento europeo. Presentando Jifa come un caso esemplificativo di Global Renaissance, si intende dimostrare come l’interazione dei gesuiti con persone, luoghi e concetti extraeuropei abbia favorito lo sviluppo della civiltà rinascimentale e ne abbia promosso la diffusione ben oltre i confini dell’Europa. Il primo capitolo, intitolato “Global Renaissance: dall’Oriente all’Occidente – L’ambasciata Tenshō (1582-90) nel tardo rinascimento Italiano”, utilizza la produzione poetica italiana come forma di testimonianza storica, equiparabile a lettere e cronache, attraverso cui esplorare lo spazio e il prodotto dell’incontro tra gli intellettuali italiani e l’ambasciata Tenshō nell’età della Controriforma. L’esplorazione interculturale dell’ambasciata Tenshō in Italia e la costruzione dei saperi su questa ambasciata da parte di alcuni poeti italiani, costituiscono un caso esemplare di formazione e circolazione dei saperi dell’alterità asiatica nella prima modernità facilitate dai gesuiti in Asia. Il secondo capitolo, intitolato “Global Renaissance: Dall’Occidente all’Oriente - Matteo Ricci e la fortuna di Alessandro Magno in Cina”, esplora la strategia e il corredo umanistico-letterario con cui il gesuita Matteo Ricci elaborò i saperi esotici intorno alla figura storica di Alessandro Magno nella Cina della tarda dinastia Ming. La prosa di Ricci, caratterizzata dalla traduzione allegorica e dall’adattamento culturale degli exempla europei in cinese classico, si rivela essere un dispositivo ricco di valore letterario, storico e morale, oltre che una macchina retorica ed epistemica, idealizzata a fini evangelizzatori. Il terzo capitolo, intitolato “Matteo Ricci tra Ars Memorativa europea e pratiche mnemoniche cinesi”, analizza come Ricci addomesticò e praticò i saperi sull’ars memorativa europea nella tarda dinastia Ming, focalizzandoci sui testi relativi all’arte della memoria, in particolare sugli exempla dei mnemonisti occidentali presentati nel Jifa 記法. Questo capitolo prosegue con un’analisi della funzione mnemonica, epistemologica e retorica del mappamondo di Ricci, e si conclude con l’esame della funzione mnemonica delle illustrazioni xilografiche sulla Cina realizzate dai gesuiti, focalizzandosi sul frontespizio del De Christiana Expeditione apud Sinas (1615) di Nicolas Trigault (1577-1628) e sull’illustrazione del Confucio nel Confucius Sinarum Philosophus (1687)di Philippe Couplet (1623-1693). Il quarto capitolo, “La genesi del Jifa e la sua ricezione critica in Europa (XVI-XVII)”, si avvale delle metodologie dell’autorialità collaborativa, della filologia dei testi a stampa e della tradizione del testo per sostenere che il Jifa, da considerarsi come un’impresa collaborativa, rappresenti un esemplare letterario straordinario dell’incontro culturale e letterario tra Europa e Oriente nel Global Renaissance. Questa dissertazione si conclude con una nuova traduzione annotata del Jifa.
Tradurre il Rinascimento europeo in Cina: il Jifa 記法 (Trattato della memoria locale) di Matteo Ricci e altre occasioni di dialogo tra Oriente e Occidente
FU, Yaliang
2024
Abstract
This dissertation studies how Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci used humanist methods to interpret and accommodate Western humanistic knowledge for proselytization in China, focusing on his mnemonic treatise, Jifa 記法 (Mnemonic rules, c. 1596, hereafter Jifa). It builds on the work of scholars like Goodman-Grafton, Carruthers, and Bolzoni who argue that a full analysis of Jifa within the context of the Renaissance would expand our understanding of both the European mnemonic tradition and the Jesuit mission to China. Using interdisciplinary approaches such as comparative historiography, new historicism, philology, and literary criticism, I examine how Ricci’s “accommodationism” and the Jesuits’ global networks shaped Jifa’s genesis and influenced its reception among both Jesuit and Chinese readers. I argue that the cross-cultural training and uses of memory shaped Ricci’s knowledge formation and evangelization. Moreover, I contend that the previously underestimated impact of both Jifa and the mnemonic-encyclopedic nature of Ricci’s other works facilitated the preaching of Catholicism among the high echelons of Chinese society over centuries. These efforts also contributed to European knowledge formation about the Jesuit mission in China among at the time. Evidence from Jesuit social networks and the history of reading/writing in the late 16th century support my argument that Ricci’s writing and thought were shaped by both Renaissance Italian and Confucian influences. Taking Jifa as an exemplar of the Global Renaissance, I show how the Jesuits’ interactions with non-European people, places, and ideas contributed to the developments in Renaissance civilization and facilitated its spread beyond Europe.Chapter One, "Global Renaissance: From the East to the West - The Tenshō Embassy (1582-90) in the Late Italian Renaissance", reconstructs the experiential and imaginary encounters between the first Japanese embassy to Europe and the Counter-Reformation Italian male poets. It takes the Tenshō embassy as an exemplar of the Global Renaissance to illustrate how knowledge of the Asian others enriched and impacted the Italian Renaissance.Chapter Two, "Global Renaissance: From the West to the East - Matteo Ricci and the Fortune of Alexander the Great in China", examines Ricci’s efforts in the allegorical reinterpretation and translation of Western classics for a Confucian readership, focusing on narratives about Alexander and Mnemonists. Ricci’s use of exegetical, rhetorical, and “accommodationist” strategies for intercultural proselytization and codifying knowledge is illustrated here as an exemplar of the Global Renaissance.Chapter Three, "Matteo Ricci Between the European Ars Memorativa and Chinese Mnemonic Practices ", identifies Jifa’s sources and explores Ricci’s practices of artificial memory. It illustrates the textual relationship between Jifa and other works. This chapter also explores the connection between memory, imagery, spatiality, and visual representation in both Jifa and Ricci’s 1602 World Maps, demonstrating that their rhetorical, mnemonic, and encyclopedic functions consolidated Ricci’s authority as a Western scholar.Chapter Four, "Genesis of Jifa and Its Critical Reception in Europe and China (16th-17th centuries)", reconstructs Jifa’s composition and transmission. It investigates aspects of collaborative authorship, Jesuit censorship, critical reception, and the circulation of Jifa in both Europe and China. The dissertation concludes with the first complete annotated Italian translation of Jifa.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/305912
URN:NBN:IT:SNS-305912