This thesis, employing a descriptive-analytical research method, comprehensively examines the rights and obligations of states in preventing and compensating marine pollution caused by oil transportation, with a particular focus on the framework provided by international conventions such as MARPOL, CLC, and FUND established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The study highlights the critical role of these conventions in setting global standards for pollution prevention, including stringent requirements for ship design, construction, and operation, such as the mandatory use of double-hulled tankers to minimize oil spill risks. However, the effectiveness of these measures depends on the capacity of states to enforce them, revealing a disparity between developed and developing nations that underscores the need for enhanced international cooperation, technical assistance, and capacity-building programs. The research also explores the compensation mechanisms under the CLC and FUND conventions, which hold shipowners strictly liable for oil pollution damage and provide additional compensation through the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds). Despite their effectiveness, challenges such as determining liability in complex incidents and rising compensation costs necessitate revisions to liability limits to reflect current environmental and economic realities. Furthermore, the advent of unmanned and autonomous vessels introduces new legal and technical challenges, as existing conventions like SOLAS and STCW, which are predicated on the presence of human crews, require significant updates to address issues such as liability, cybersecurity, and the reliability of autonomous systems. The rapid pace of technological innovation in the maritime sector has outpaced the development of corresponding legal frameworks, highlighting the need for rigorous testing, certification processes, and international collaboration to ensure the safe integration of these technologies. Recommendations include amending international laws to accommodate unmanned vessels, strengthening international cooperation through information sharing and joint monitoring, investing in environmentally friendly technologies such as alternative fuels and advanced pollution control systems, and promoting education and awareness to foster a culture of compliance and responsibility. By addressing these challenges through collective action and continuous improvement, this thesis provides a roadmap for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and environmental advocates to achieve a sustainable and secure future for the marine environment while ensuring the safe and efficient transportation of goods across the globe.
Questa tesi, impiegando un metodo di ricerca descrittivo-analitico, esamina in modo approfondito i diritti e gli obblighi degli Stati nella prevenzione e nel risarcimento dell’inquinamento marino causato dal trasporto di petrolio, con particolare attenzione al quadro fornito dalle convenzioni internazionali come MARPOL, CLC e FUND istituite dall’Organizzazione Marittima Internazionale (IMO). Lo studio evidenzia il ruolo fondamentale di queste convenzioni nel definire standard globali per la prevenzione dell’inquinamento, inclusi requisiti stringenti per la progettazione, costruzione e operatività delle navi, come l’uso obbligatorio di petroliere a doppio scafo per ridurre al minimo il rischio di sversamenti. Tuttavia, l’efficacia di queste misure dipende dalla capacità degli Stati di farle rispettare, rivelando una disparità tra paesi sviluppati e in via di sviluppo che sottolinea la necessità di una maggiore cooperazione internazionale, assistenza tecnica e programmi di rafforzamento delle capacità. La ricerca analizza anche i meccanismi di risarcimento previsti dalle convenzioni CLC e FUND, che attribuiscono ai proprietari delle navi una responsabilità oggettiva per i danni da inquinamento da petrolio e offrono un risarcimento aggiuntivo tramite i Fondi internazionali di compensazione per l’inquinamento da idrocarburi (IOPC Funds). Nonostante la loro efficacia, sfide come la determinazione della responsabilità in incidenti complessi e l’aumento dei costi di risarcimento richiedono revisioni dei limiti di responsabilità per riflettere le attuali realtà ambientali ed economiche. Inoltre, l’avvento di navi senza equipaggio e autonome introduce nuove sfide giuridiche e tecniche, poiché convenzioni esistenti come SOLAS e STCW, basate sulla presenza di equipaggi umani, necessitano di aggiornamenti significativi per affrontare questioni come la responsabilità, la cybersicurezza e l’affidabilità dei sistemi autonomi. Il rapido progresso dell’innovazione tecnologica nel settore marittimo ha superato lo sviluppo dei relativi quadri giuridici, evidenziando la necessità di test rigorosi, processi di certificazione e collaborazione internazionale per garantire l’integrazione sicura di queste tecnologie. Le raccomandazioni includono la modifica delle leggi internazionali per accogliere le navi autonome, il rafforzamento della cooperazione internazionale tramite la condivisione delle informazioni e il monitoraggio congiunto, investimenti in tecnologie ecocompatibili come i carburanti alternativi e i sistemi avanzati di controllo dell’inquinamento, e la promozione dell’educazione e della consapevolezza per favorire una cultura di conformità e responsabilità. Affrontando queste sfide attraverso l’azione collettiva e il miglioramento continuo, questa tesi fornisce una tabella di marcia per i responsabili politici, gli operatori del settore e i difensori dell’ambiente per raggiungere un futuro sostenibile e sicuro per l’ambiente marino, garantendo al contempo un trasporto sicuro ed efficiente delle merci in tutto il mondo.
Governments' Rights and Duties in Preventing and Compensating Marine Pollution (Mostly Resulting from Oil Transport in the Light of International Conventions) [Diritti e doveri dei governi nella prevenzione e nel risarcimento dell'inquinamento marino (principalmente derivante dal trasporto di petrolio alla luce delle convenzioni internazionali)]
AZIK, PARISA
2025
Abstract
This thesis, employing a descriptive-analytical research method, comprehensively examines the rights and obligations of states in preventing and compensating marine pollution caused by oil transportation, with a particular focus on the framework provided by international conventions such as MARPOL, CLC, and FUND established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The study highlights the critical role of these conventions in setting global standards for pollution prevention, including stringent requirements for ship design, construction, and operation, such as the mandatory use of double-hulled tankers to minimize oil spill risks. However, the effectiveness of these measures depends on the capacity of states to enforce them, revealing a disparity between developed and developing nations that underscores the need for enhanced international cooperation, technical assistance, and capacity-building programs. The research also explores the compensation mechanisms under the CLC and FUND conventions, which hold shipowners strictly liable for oil pollution damage and provide additional compensation through the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds). Despite their effectiveness, challenges such as determining liability in complex incidents and rising compensation costs necessitate revisions to liability limits to reflect current environmental and economic realities. Furthermore, the advent of unmanned and autonomous vessels introduces new legal and technical challenges, as existing conventions like SOLAS and STCW, which are predicated on the presence of human crews, require significant updates to address issues such as liability, cybersecurity, and the reliability of autonomous systems. The rapid pace of technological innovation in the maritime sector has outpaced the development of corresponding legal frameworks, highlighting the need for rigorous testing, certification processes, and international collaboration to ensure the safe integration of these technologies. Recommendations include amending international laws to accommodate unmanned vessels, strengthening international cooperation through information sharing and joint monitoring, investing in environmentally friendly technologies such as alternative fuels and advanced pollution control systems, and promoting education and awareness to foster a culture of compliance and responsibility. By addressing these challenges through collective action and continuous improvement, this thesis provides a roadmap for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and environmental advocates to achieve a sustainable and secure future for the marine environment while ensuring the safe and efficient transportation of goods across the globe.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/307857
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-307857