Wetlands represent one of the planet’s main environmental resources, as they provide a wide range of ecosystem services, including flood protection, carbon se-questration, and support for biodiversity. The complexity that characterizes wetlands, on the one hand, ensures their ecological efficiency, but on the other hand, results in a significant vulnerability to various pressures, mainly related to socio-economic fac-tors (e.g., population growth, urbanization, and the consequent demand for water and land resources) and climatic factors (e.g., rising temperatures and altered precipita-tion regimes). Coastal wetlands are even more vulnerable, as they are also subject to phenomena such as sea level rise or salinization of the aquifer that often feeds them. The degradation and progressive disappearance of wetlands is now a globally recog-nized issue, which has led to the adoption of regulations and measures to counter this phenomenon and, where possible, allow their restoration and protection. In this direc-tion, it is essential to rely on observations and/or models capable of characterizing the state of wetlands and their possible evolution under a variety of conditions. Modelling, in particular, is increasingly used to support decision-makers in identifying mitigation and adaptation strategies, through the simulation of key dynamics (ecological, hydrological, biogeochemical) and the development of alternative scenarios. This work focuses on hydrological modelling for wetlands, analyzing the wide range of solutions already adopted in the literature and aiming to respond to one of the most relevant open research questions in the field: how to reliably estimate the water requirements of wetlands so that they can be considered alongside anthropogenic demands in water planning and management processes. To this end, a hydrological model, WetMAT, is proposed. It was developed to reproduce the hydrological regime of wetlands in a simple and parsimonious way and is capable of providing, through its outputs, useful data to support decision-making for the conservation of these valuable ecosystems. The model aims to overcome the constraints imposed by the limited data availability typical of these contexts and is conceived as a dynamic tool capable of adapting to the high climatic and, consequently, hydrological variability that often characterizes such environments. WetMAT is applied to two significantly different case studies: the Doñana wetland in Spain and Torre Guaceto in Italy. Despite their differences, these areas share some features such as belonging to the Mediterranean climate zone, their coastal location, and the strong conflict between anthropogenic pressures (mainly agricultural) and the conservation of the natural environment. This work shows how the same model, adapted according to the issues of the case study, its spatial extent, and hydro-geomorphological characteristics, can be used to estimate variables such as the extent of flooded areas, their depth, or salinity trends in order to provide useful insights for the protection and conservation of wetlands, promoting a holistic planning and management approach to water resources.
Le zone umide costituiscono una delle principali risorse ambientali per il Pianeta, dal momento che forniscono un gran numero di servizi ecosistemici, tra cui la protezione dalle alluvioni, il sequestro di carbonio e il sostegno alla biodiversità. La complessità che caratterizza le zone umide per un verso ne garantisce l’efficienza ecologica, per altro verso ne causa una significativa vulnerabilità rispetto a diverse pressioni, legate a fattori principalmente socio-economici (ad es., crescita demografica, urbanizzazione e conseguente necessità di risorse idriche e del suolo) e climatiche (ad es., aumento delle temperature e alterazione del regime delle precipitazioni). Le zone umide costiere risultano ancora più vulnerabili, poiché soggette anche a fenomeni come l’innalzamento del livello del mare o la salinizzazione della falda che spesso le alimenta. Il degrado e la progressiva scomparsa delle zone umide è ormai un problema riconosciuto a livello globale che ha spinto all’adozione di normative e provvedimenti per contrastare tale fenomeno e laddove possibile, permetterne ripristino e tutela. In tale direzione, è fondamentale disporre di osservazioni e/o modelli in grado di caratterizzare lo stato delle zone umide e la possibile evoluzione delle stesse in una molteplicità di condizioni. La modellistica, in particolare, è sempre più utilizzata per supportare i decisori nell’individuazione di strategie di mitigazione e adattamento, attraverso la simulazione delle dinamiche principali (ecologiche, idrologiche, biogeochimiche) e lo sviluppo di scenari alternativi. Questo lavoro si concentra sulla modellistica idrologica per le zone umide, analizzando l’ampio spettro di soluzioni già adottate nella letteratura e cercando di rispondere a una delle domande di ricerca aperte di maggiore interesse per il settore: come stimare in maniera affidabile i fabbisogni idrici delle zone umide affinché possano essere considerati unitamente ai fabbisogni antropici nei processi di pianificazione e gestione della risorsa idrica. A questo scopo viene proposto un modello idrologico, WetMAT, sviluppato per riprodurre il regime idrologico delle zone umide in modo semplice e parsimonioso, ed in grado di fornire, attraverso i suoi risultati, dati utili al supporto decisionale per la conservazione di questi preziosi ecosistemi. Il modello mira a superare gli ostacoli dettati dalla limitata disponibilità di dati in questi contesti, e si configura come uno strumento dinamico capace di adattarsi all’elevata variabilità climatica e di conseguenza idrologica che spesso caratterizza tali ambienti. WetMAT viene applicato a due casi studio significativamente differenti ovvero la zona umida di Doñana, in Spagna e quella di Torre Guaceto, in Italia. Nonostante le loro peculiarità, queste aree condividono alcune caratteristiche come l’appartenenza alla fascia climatica mediterranea, la posizione costiera e il forte conflitto tra pressioni antropiche (principalmente agricole) e conservazione dell’ambiente naturale. Il lavoro mostra come lo stesso modello, adattato in base alle problematiche del caso studio, alla sua estensione e caratteristiche idrogeomorfologiche possa essere in grado di stimare variabili come l’ampiezza delle aree allagate, la loro profondità o l’andamento della salinità per fornire soluzioni utili alla sua tutela e conservazione delle zone umide, promuovendo una pianificazione e gestione olistica della risorsa idrica.
Development of a simplified hydrological model to investigate wetland regimes for conservation and restoration purposes
PANCIERA, CLAUDIA
2026
Abstract
Wetlands represent one of the planet’s main environmental resources, as they provide a wide range of ecosystem services, including flood protection, carbon se-questration, and support for biodiversity. The complexity that characterizes wetlands, on the one hand, ensures their ecological efficiency, but on the other hand, results in a significant vulnerability to various pressures, mainly related to socio-economic fac-tors (e.g., population growth, urbanization, and the consequent demand for water and land resources) and climatic factors (e.g., rising temperatures and altered precipita-tion regimes). Coastal wetlands are even more vulnerable, as they are also subject to phenomena such as sea level rise or salinization of the aquifer that often feeds them. The degradation and progressive disappearance of wetlands is now a globally recog-nized issue, which has led to the adoption of regulations and measures to counter this phenomenon and, where possible, allow their restoration and protection. In this direc-tion, it is essential to rely on observations and/or models capable of characterizing the state of wetlands and their possible evolution under a variety of conditions. Modelling, in particular, is increasingly used to support decision-makers in identifying mitigation and adaptation strategies, through the simulation of key dynamics (ecological, hydrological, biogeochemical) and the development of alternative scenarios. This work focuses on hydrological modelling for wetlands, analyzing the wide range of solutions already adopted in the literature and aiming to respond to one of the most relevant open research questions in the field: how to reliably estimate the water requirements of wetlands so that they can be considered alongside anthropogenic demands in water planning and management processes. To this end, a hydrological model, WetMAT, is proposed. It was developed to reproduce the hydrological regime of wetlands in a simple and parsimonious way and is capable of providing, through its outputs, useful data to support decision-making for the conservation of these valuable ecosystems. The model aims to overcome the constraints imposed by the limited data availability typical of these contexts and is conceived as a dynamic tool capable of adapting to the high climatic and, consequently, hydrological variability that often characterizes such environments. WetMAT is applied to two significantly different case studies: the Doñana wetland in Spain and Torre Guaceto in Italy. Despite their differences, these areas share some features such as belonging to the Mediterranean climate zone, their coastal location, and the strong conflict between anthropogenic pressures (mainly agricultural) and the conservation of the natural environment. This work shows how the same model, adapted according to the issues of the case study, its spatial extent, and hydro-geomorphological characteristics, can be used to estimate variables such as the extent of flooded areas, their depth, or salinity trends in order to provide useful insights for the protection and conservation of wetlands, promoting a holistic planning and management approach to water resources.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/354346
URN:NBN:IT:POLIBA-354346