Coastal ecosystems are transitional zones between terrestrial and marine environments, hosting specialized flora and fauna while providing essential ecosystem services. However, their high ecological and economic value makes them highly populated areas, and particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic and natural changes. Human activities have significantly impacted these ecosystems, leading to habitat degradation and biodiversity loss. Invasive alien plants (IAP), one of the most pressing threats to coastal biodiversity, can disturb ecosystems by altering communities, affecting trophic interactions, reducing animal populations, and therefore declining ecosystem resilience. Invasion processes are often facilitated by human disturbances such as tourism, urbanization, agriculture, reforestation, and infrastructure development. Additionally, erosion and sea-level rise due to climate change, increases all these threats. Anthropogenic activity alongside climate change has already caused substantial damage to human settlements and an ecosystem services reduction. Consequently, coastal ecosystems are included in the European Habitat Directive 92/43/EEC, which aims to preserve biodiversity by protecting natural habitats. Traditional fieldwork for ecosystem monitoring, while valuable, present limitations in terms of cost and time consumption. Remote sensing (RS) has become increasingly important for environmental conservation and ecological monitoring. These technologies have proven to be highly effective in assessing habitat changes, monitoring biodiversity, and identifying pressures on ecosystems, including IAP detection and climate change impacts. In this context, the present PhD thesis aims to evaluate and improve the use of RS for biodiversity monitoring in coastal ecosystems, with a particular emphasis on addressing IAP and climate change impacts. The research focused on two primary objectives: To evaluate the use of RS for mapping IAP on coastal ecosystems To apply RS techniques to address ecological challenges in coastal ecosystems of Italy A systematic review of 68 studies, published between 2000 and 2021, was conducted to analyze RS advancements in IAP detection on coastal environments, highlighting the increasing role of UAV and machine learning. The study also emphasized the need to expand RS applications beyond dominant geographic regions (China and the USA) and to integrate predictive modeling approaches for improved conservation planning. Two case studies applying RS were performed for addressing ecological challenges in coastal ecosystems. The first case study used UAV imagery to map Carpobrotus invasions in coastal dunes of Central Italy, showing the effectiveness of integrating high-resolution multispectral and RGB imagery for improved classification accuracy and for optimized mapping protocols. The second study focused on the Kentish Plover, an endangered shorebird in Italy. We used RS-derived environmental variables to model current and future nesting habitat suitability under climate change projections in Southern Italy. Results showed a strong preference for open sandy areas near herbaceous vegetation, and a decline by over 22% of the potential nesting habitat, due to anthropogenic pressures and climate change. This study provides insights into conservation strategies and emphasizes the urgent need for mitigation measures. This research contributes to enhancing RS applications in biodiversity conservation by integrating RS, modeling and conservation planning. Our findings can improve strategies for mitigating biodiversity loss and habitat degradation in coastal ecosystems. Future research should focus on refining RS methodologies, incorporating additional ecological variables, and expanding predictive modeling efforts to improve conservation outcomes and guarantee coastal ecosystems’ health. This PhD research highlights the potential of RS as a fundamental tool for sustainable coastal management in the face of global environmental change.
Gli ecosistemi costieri, zone di transizione tra ambienti terrestri e marini, ospitano una biodiversità specializzata e offrono servizi ecosistemici essenziali. Tuttavia, il loro elevato valore ecologico ed economico li rende aree densamente popolate e vulnerabili ai cambiamenti antropici e naturali. Le attività umane hanno avuto un impatto significativo su questi ecosistemi, portando al degrado dell'habitat e alla perdita di biodiversità. Tra le minacce principali, le piante aliene invasive (IAP) alterano gli ecosistemi modificando le comunità biologiche, alterando le interazioni trofiche, e riducendo le popolazioni degli animali. Queste invasioni sono facilitate da disturbi antropici come il turismo, l'urbanizzazione, l'agricoltura, la riforestazione e lo sviluppo delle infrastrutture. Inoltre, l'erosione e l'elevazione del livello del mare dovuti al cambiamento climatico aumentano queste minacce. L'attività antropica, insieme al cambiamento climatico, ha già causato danni sostanziali agli insediamenti umani e una riduzione dei servizi ecosistemici. Di conseguenza, gli ecosistemi costieri sono inclusi nella Direttiva Habitat Europea 92/43/CEE, che mira a preservare la biodiversità proteggendo gli habitat naturali. Il telerilevamento (RS) è diventato cruciale per la conservazione e il monitoraggio ecologico. Queste tecnologie hanno dimostrato elevata efficacia nella valutazione dei cambiamenti degli habitat, nel monitoraggio della biodiversità e nell'identificazione delle minacce sugli ecosistemi. In questo contesto, la presente tesi mira a valutare e migliorare l'uso del RS per monitorare la biodiversità costiera, focalizzandosi sugli effetti delle IAP e del cambiamento climatico, con due obiettivi principali: Valutare l'uso del RS per la mappatura delle IAP negli ecosistemi costieri Applicare tecniche di RS per affrontare le sfide ecologiche costieri in Italia È stata condotta una revisione sistematica di 68 studi, pubblicati tra il 2000 e il 2021, per analizzare i progressi del RS nel rilevamento delle IAP sugli ambienti costieri, evidenziando il crescente ruolo degli UAV e del machine learning. Lo studio ha anche sottolineato la necessità di espandere il RS oltre le regioni geografiche dominanti (Cina e Stati Uniti) e di integrare approcci di modellazione predittiva per una migliore pianificazione della conservazione. Sono stati eseguiti due casi di studio che applicano RS per affrontare le sfide ecologiche negli ecosistemi costieri. Il primo caso di studio ha utilizzato immagini UAV per mappare le invasioni di Carpobrotus nelle dune costiere dell'Italia centrale, dimostrando l'efficacia dell'integrazione di immagini multispettrali e RGB ad alta risoluzione per una classificazione più precisa e protocolli di mappatura ottimizzati. Il secondo studio si è concentrato sul fratino, un uccello costiero in pericolo in Italia. Abbiamo utilizzato variabili ambientali derivate dal RS per modellare l'idoneità attuale e futura dell'habitat di nidificazione in base a proiezioni del cambiamento climatico nell'Italia meridionale. I risultati hanno mostrato una forte preferenza per le aree sabbiose aperte vicino alla vegetazione erbacea, e un declino di oltre il 22% del potenziale habitat di nidificazione, offrendo in questo modo informazioni sulle strategie di conservazione e sottolineando l'urgente necessità di misure di mitigazione. Questa ricerca contribuisce a migliorare le applicazioni del RS nella conservazione della biodiversità integrando RS, modellazione e pianificazione della conservazione. I risultati possono migliorare le strategie per mitigare la perdita di biodiversità e il degrado degli habitat costieri. La ricerca futura dovrebbe perfezionare le metodologie di RS, incorporare ulteriori variabili ecologiche e ampliare la modellazione predittiva per rafforzare la conservazione e garantire la salute degli ecosistemi costieri. Questa ricerca evidenzia il potenziale del RS come strumento fondamentale per la gestione sostenibile delle coste in risposta al cambiamento climatico.
Eyes in the sky: remote sensing approaches to coastal biodiversity monitoring and ecosystem health
VILLALOBOS PERNA, Priscila
2025
Abstract
Coastal ecosystems are transitional zones between terrestrial and marine environments, hosting specialized flora and fauna while providing essential ecosystem services. However, their high ecological and economic value makes them highly populated areas, and particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic and natural changes. Human activities have significantly impacted these ecosystems, leading to habitat degradation and biodiversity loss. Invasive alien plants (IAP), one of the most pressing threats to coastal biodiversity, can disturb ecosystems by altering communities, affecting trophic interactions, reducing animal populations, and therefore declining ecosystem resilience. Invasion processes are often facilitated by human disturbances such as tourism, urbanization, agriculture, reforestation, and infrastructure development. Additionally, erosion and sea-level rise due to climate change, increases all these threats. Anthropogenic activity alongside climate change has already caused substantial damage to human settlements and an ecosystem services reduction. Consequently, coastal ecosystems are included in the European Habitat Directive 92/43/EEC, which aims to preserve biodiversity by protecting natural habitats. Traditional fieldwork for ecosystem monitoring, while valuable, present limitations in terms of cost and time consumption. Remote sensing (RS) has become increasingly important for environmental conservation and ecological monitoring. These technologies have proven to be highly effective in assessing habitat changes, monitoring biodiversity, and identifying pressures on ecosystems, including IAP detection and climate change impacts. In this context, the present PhD thesis aims to evaluate and improve the use of RS for biodiversity monitoring in coastal ecosystems, with a particular emphasis on addressing IAP and climate change impacts. The research focused on two primary objectives: To evaluate the use of RS for mapping IAP on coastal ecosystems To apply RS techniques to address ecological challenges in coastal ecosystems of Italy A systematic review of 68 studies, published between 2000 and 2021, was conducted to analyze RS advancements in IAP detection on coastal environments, highlighting the increasing role of UAV and machine learning. The study also emphasized the need to expand RS applications beyond dominant geographic regions (China and the USA) and to integrate predictive modeling approaches for improved conservation planning. Two case studies applying RS were performed for addressing ecological challenges in coastal ecosystems. The first case study used UAV imagery to map Carpobrotus invasions in coastal dunes of Central Italy, showing the effectiveness of integrating high-resolution multispectral and RGB imagery for improved classification accuracy and for optimized mapping protocols. The second study focused on the Kentish Plover, an endangered shorebird in Italy. We used RS-derived environmental variables to model current and future nesting habitat suitability under climate change projections in Southern Italy. Results showed a strong preference for open sandy areas near herbaceous vegetation, and a decline by over 22% of the potential nesting habitat, due to anthropogenic pressures and climate change. This study provides insights into conservation strategies and emphasizes the urgent need for mitigation measures. This research contributes to enhancing RS applications in biodiversity conservation by integrating RS, modeling and conservation planning. Our findings can improve strategies for mitigating biodiversity loss and habitat degradation in coastal ecosystems. Future research should focus on refining RS methodologies, incorporating additional ecological variables, and expanding predictive modeling efforts to improve conservation outcomes and guarantee coastal ecosystems’ health. This PhD research highlights the potential of RS as a fundamental tool for sustainable coastal management in the face of global environmental change.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Tesi_P_Villalobos Perna.pdf
accesso aperto
Licenza:
Tutti i diritti riservati
Dimensione
17.51 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
17.51 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/355873
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMOL-355873