Advanced cell-based therapies hold considerable promise for addressing disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have shown the ability to slow disability progression in relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS), but their efficacy in progressive MS (PMS) remains limited. In contrast, neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs), supported by robust preclinical evidence of neuroprotective, remyelinating, and regenerative properties, represent a compelling therapeutic option to address the unmet need for effective PMS treatments. In this thesis, we report the results of the long-term follow-up of PMS patients enrolled in the Phase I STEMS trial, which confirmed the safety of NPC transplantation and provided supportive evidence for a potential neuroprotective effect. Specifically, while disability continued to worsen, cognitive function remained stable compared to baseline, and rates of gray matter (GM) atrophy were reduced over time. Importantly, GM and white matter (WM) atrophy rates approached those observed in age-matched healthy controls and early MS patients, with a trend toward lower GM and WM atrophy compared with an untreated PMS cohort. Building on these findings, we designed and initiated the first Phase II randomized, patient- and assessor-blinded, multicenter clinical trial comparing NPC transplantation with sham procedures in PMS, aimed at providing further insights into the efficacy of this approach. In parallel, we launched an observational study investigating whether HSC transplantation can modulate mechanisms of progression independent of relapse activity through regulation of peripheral myeloid cell dynamics.
Le terapie cellulari avanzate rappresentano un approccio promettente per contrastare la progressione della malattia nella sclerosi multipla (SM). Le cellule staminali ematopoietiche (HSCs) hanno dimostrato la capacità di rallentare la progressione della disabilità nella SM recidivante-remittente (RRMS), ma la loro efficacia nella SM progressiva (PMS) rimane limitata. Al contrario, le cellule staminali neurali (NPCs), considerate le solide evidenze precliniche delle loro proprietà neuroprotettive, rimielinizzanti e rigenerative, rappresentano un’opzione terapeutica promettente per rispondere al bisogno ancora insoddisfatto di trattamenti efficaci nella PMS. In questa tesi riportiamo i risultati del follow-up a lungo termine dei pazienti con PMS arruolati nello studio di fase I STEMS, che ha confermato la sicurezza del trapianto di NPC e fornito evidenze a supporto di un potenziale effetto neuroprotettivo. In particolare, sebbene la disabilità abbia continuato a peggiorare, la funzione cognitiva è rimasta stabile rispetto al basale e i tassi di atrofia della sostanza grigia (GM) si sono ridotti nel tempo. È importante sottolineare che i tassi di atrofia di GM e sostanza bianca si sono avvicinati a quelli osservati nei controlli sani appaiati per età e nei pazienti con SM nelle fasi precoci, mostrando inoltre una tendenza a valori inferiori rispetto a una coorte di pazienti PMS non trattati. Sulla base di questi risultati, abbiamo progettato e avviato il primo studio di fase II randomizzato, in doppio cieco per pazienti e valutatori, multicentrico, che confronta il trapianto di NPC con una procedura fittizia in pazienti con PMS, con l’obiettivo di fornire ulteriori dati sull’efficacia di questo approccio. Parallelamente, è stato avviato uno studio osservazionale volto a indagare se il trapianto di HSC possa modulare i meccanismi di progressione indipendenti dall’attività di ricaduta attraverso la regolazione della dinamica mieloide periferica.
Advanced cellular therapies and disease progression in multiple sclerosis
GENCHI, ANGELA
2026
Abstract
Advanced cell-based therapies hold considerable promise for addressing disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have shown the ability to slow disability progression in relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS), but their efficacy in progressive MS (PMS) remains limited. In contrast, neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs), supported by robust preclinical evidence of neuroprotective, remyelinating, and regenerative properties, represent a compelling therapeutic option to address the unmet need for effective PMS treatments. In this thesis, we report the results of the long-term follow-up of PMS patients enrolled in the Phase I STEMS trial, which confirmed the safety of NPC transplantation and provided supportive evidence for a potential neuroprotective effect. Specifically, while disability continued to worsen, cognitive function remained stable compared to baseline, and rates of gray matter (GM) atrophy were reduced over time. Importantly, GM and white matter (WM) atrophy rates approached those observed in age-matched healthy controls and early MS patients, with a trend toward lower GM and WM atrophy compared with an untreated PMS cohort. Building on these findings, we designed and initiated the first Phase II randomized, patient- and assessor-blinded, multicenter clinical trial comparing NPC transplantation with sham procedures in PMS, aimed at providing further insights into the efficacy of this approach. In parallel, we launched an observational study investigating whether HSC transplantation can modulate mechanisms of progression independent of relapse activity through regulation of peripheral myeloid cell dynamics.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/355906
URN:NBN:IT:UNISR-355906