The conservation of archaeological copper-based alloys poses major challenges due to the complexity of their corrosion layers and the occurrence of unstable phenomena, such as bronze disease. Conventional coatings, although widely used, often lack long-term stability, show aesthetic drawbacks, and are not always reversible. This thesis investigates the use of graphene oxide (GO), a two-dimensional nanomaterial with exceptional barrier properties, for the realization of innovative protective coatings for the preservation of ancient metallic artefacts. GO was deposited in form of thin films via the Langmuir–Blodgett and layer-by-layer techniques, after purification and size-selection protocols. To evaluate protective efficacy and clarify interaction mechanisms, different archaeological mockups were developed, from simple oxide layers to stratified burial-like systems. Their full characterization by advanced analytical techniques allowed us to deepen full understanding of the patina–metal system and to test the effectiveness of protective layers developed. Spectroscopic, microscopic and electrochemical investigations demonstrated that GO coatings applied on these copper-based surfaces and on an ancient copper coin effectively inhibited further corrosion of the surface while preserving the original appearance, confirming its suitability as a protective treatment in cultural heritage conservation.
La conservazione delle leghe archeologiche a base di rame pone notevoli sfide a causa della complessità dei loro strati di corrosione e della presenza di fenomeni instabili, come il cancro del bronzo. I protettivi convenzionali presentano spesso una stabilità limitata nel lungo periodo, evidenti cambi di colore e non sempre garantiscono la reversibilità. Questa tesi indaga l’impiego dell’ossido di grafene (GO), un nanomateriale bidimensionale con eccezionali proprietà barriera, per la realizzazione di rivestimenti protettivi innovativi destinati alla conservazione di manufatti metallici antichi. Il GO è stato depositato sotto forma di film sottili mediante le tecniche Langmuir–Blodgett e layer-by-layer, dopo opportuni protocolli di purificazione e selezione dimensionale. Per valutare l’efficacia protettiva e chiarire i meccanismi di interazione, sono stati sviluppati diversi provini che mimano le condizioni dei metalli archeologici, da semplici strati ossidativi a sistemi stratificati simili a quelli da sepoltura. La loro caratterizzazione approfondita tramite tecniche analitiche avanzate ha permesso di acquisire una conoscenza più completa del sistema patina–metallo e di testare l’efficacia dei rivestimenti sviluppati. Indagini spettroscopiche, microscopiche ed elettrochimiche hanno dimostrato che i coating a base di GO, applicati su queste superfici di rame e su un’antica moneta in rame, hanno efficacemente inibito l’ulteriore corrosione mantenendo l’aspetto originario, confermandone l’idoneità come trattamento protettivo nel campo della conservazione dei beni culturali.
Graphene Oxide layers as Anticorrosive Barriers for Ancient Metal Conservation
TARTAGLIA, EDOARDO
2026
Abstract
The conservation of archaeological copper-based alloys poses major challenges due to the complexity of their corrosion layers and the occurrence of unstable phenomena, such as bronze disease. Conventional coatings, although widely used, often lack long-term stability, show aesthetic drawbacks, and are not always reversible. This thesis investigates the use of graphene oxide (GO), a two-dimensional nanomaterial with exceptional barrier properties, for the realization of innovative protective coatings for the preservation of ancient metallic artefacts. GO was deposited in form of thin films via the Langmuir–Blodgett and layer-by-layer techniques, after purification and size-selection protocols. To evaluate protective efficacy and clarify interaction mechanisms, different archaeological mockups were developed, from simple oxide layers to stratified burial-like systems. Their full characterization by advanced analytical techniques allowed us to deepen full understanding of the patina–metal system and to test the effectiveness of protective layers developed. Spectroscopic, microscopic and electrochemical investigations demonstrated that GO coatings applied on these copper-based surfaces and on an ancient copper coin effectively inhibited further corrosion of the surface while preserving the original appearance, confirming its suitability as a protective treatment in cultural heritage conservation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/355927
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVE-355927