Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) material is recognized as a promising anode candidate for high-energy density hybrid aqueous lithium-ion batteries (ALIBs) due to its low redox potential (1.55 V vs. Li/Li+). However, using LTO anode would bring a serious challenge to the cathodic limit of highly concentrated aqueous electrolyte, i.e., the occurring of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which hinders the formation of efficient solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and leads to the fast capacity fading. This thesis aims at addressing this issue via interfacial engineering, improving the cycling stability of ALIBs, and further exploring the potential of their practical applications. Since the SEI layer is located between the electrolyte and anode electrode, two strategies were employed herein, considering both electrolyte formulation and surficial stability of the anode material. For the former aspect, various amounts (including 10 wt.%, 20 wt.% and 30 wt.%) polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (PEGDME) are introduced as cosolvent to 10 m LiTFSI in H2O:DMC (1:1 in molar) hybrid aqueous electrolyte. Due to the role of PEGDME as an inactive layer to prevent direct contact between electrode and H2O during the formation of surficial layer, the HER is suppressed, and the formation of stable SEI is facilitated. Additionally, the introduction of PEGDME into electrolytes can expand the electrochemical stability window (ESW) of hybrid aqueous/nonaqueous electrolyte (HANE) and decrease the consumption of electrolytes since the strong interaction of PEGDME with Li+ can weaken the Li+-TFSI-/DMC interactions, leading to an increase in amount of free TFSI⁻ and DMC that exhibit low reduction potential. As a result, by introducing 30 wt.% PEGDME co-solvent, the LiMn2O4 (LMO) || LTO full cell performs the best cycling stability under same testing protocol. For the other aspect, ZnO is employed as the coating material to modify the LTO particles. Because of its highly negative free energy of hydrogen adsorption, ZnO coating layer leads to a higher barrier to hydrogen evolution, thus can suppress HER and enable the formation of a thin and uniform SEI layer with desirable LiF ingredients. Via the combination of PEGDME co-solvent and ZnO coating, LMO || LTO achieves a promising capacity retention of 83% after 200 cycles. Last but not least, by studying the effect of high mass loading of active materials, this work takes a step toward the practical use of the ALIBs. Different from the previous understandings that electrodes with high mass loading would cause drawbacks in the electrochemical performance of ALIBs, this work demonstrates that increasing the mass loading of active materials would support the rapid formation of the SEI layer thus benefitting the Li diffusion kinetic and resulting in significantly improved cycle life.
Il materiale Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) è riconosciuto come un promettente candidato anodico per batterie agli ioni di litio acquose ibride (ALIBs) ad alta densità energetica, grazie al suo basso potenziale redox (1,55 V vs. Li/Li+). Tuttavia, l'utilizzo dell'anodo LTO presenta una sfida significativa per il limite catodico degli elettroliti acquosi altamente concentrati, ovvero l'insorgenza della reazione di evoluzione dell'idrogeno (HER), che ostacola la formazione di un'interfase elettrolitica solida (SEI) efficiente e porta a un rapido decadimento della capacità. Questa tesi si propone di affrontare tale problematica attraverso l'ingegneria interfaciale, migliorando la stabilità ciclica delle ALIBs e esplorando ulteriormente il potenziale delle loro applicazioni pratiche. Poiché lo strato SEI si forma tra l'elettrolita e l'elettrodo anodico, sono state adottate due strategie, considerando sia la formulazione dell'elettrolita che la stabilità superficiale del materiale anodico. Per quanto riguarda la prima, sono state introdotte varie quantità (10%, 20% e 30% in peso) di polietilenglicole dimetiletere (PEGDME) come cosolvente in un elettrolita acquoso ibrido costituito da 10 m LiTFSI in H2O:DMC (rapporto molare 1:1). Il ruolo del PEGDME come strato inattivo impedisce il contatto diretto tra l'elettrodo e l'acqua durante la formazione dello strato superficiale, sopprimendo così la HER e facilitando la formazione di una SEI stabile. Inoltre, l'introduzione del PEGDME negli elettroliti può espandere la finestra di stabilità elettrochimica (ESW) dell'elettrolita ibrido acquoso/non acquoso (HANE) e ridurre il consumo degli elettroliti, poiché la forte interazione del PEGDME con Li+ può indebolire le interazioni Li+-TFSI-/DMC, portando a un aumento della quantità di TFSI- e DMC liberi che mostrano un basso potenziale di riduzione. Di conseguenza, introducendo il 30% in peso di cosolvente PEGDME, la cella completa LiMn2O4 (LMO) || LTO mostra la migliore stabilità ciclica sotto lo stesso protocollo di test. Per quanto riguarda l'altro aspetto, è stato impiegato ZnO come materiale di rivestimento per modificare le particelle di LTO. Grazie alla sua elevata energia libera negativa di adsorbimento dell'idrogeno, lo strato di rivestimento in ZnO comporta una barriera più alta all'evoluzione dell'idrogeno, sopprimendo così la HER e consentendo la formazione di uno strato SEI sottile e uniforme con componenti desiderabili di LiF. Combinando il cosolvente PEGDME e il rivestimento in ZnO, la cella LMO || LTO raggiunge una promettente ritenzione di capacità dell'83% dopo 200 cicli. Infine, studiando l'effetto di un elevato carico di massa dei materiali attivi, questo lavoro compie un passo verso l'uso pratico delle ALIBs. Diversamente dalle precedenti comprensioni secondo cui elettrodi con un alto carico di massa causerebbero svantaggi nelle prestazioni elettrochimiche delle ALIBs, questo lavoro dimostra che aumentare il carico di massa dei materiali attivi supporta la rapida formazione dello strato SEI, beneficiando così la cinetica di diffusione del litio e risultando in una vita ciclica significativamente migliorata.
Interfacial engineering to enhance the electrochemical performance of high voltage LiMn2O4 // Li4Ti5O12 batteries with hybrid aqueous electrolytes
Ruonan, Zhu
2025
Abstract
Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) material is recognized as a promising anode candidate for high-energy density hybrid aqueous lithium-ion batteries (ALIBs) due to its low redox potential (1.55 V vs. Li/Li+). However, using LTO anode would bring a serious challenge to the cathodic limit of highly concentrated aqueous electrolyte, i.e., the occurring of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which hinders the formation of efficient solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and leads to the fast capacity fading. This thesis aims at addressing this issue via interfacial engineering, improving the cycling stability of ALIBs, and further exploring the potential of their practical applications. Since the SEI layer is located between the electrolyte and anode electrode, two strategies were employed herein, considering both electrolyte formulation and surficial stability of the anode material. For the former aspect, various amounts (including 10 wt.%, 20 wt.% and 30 wt.%) polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (PEGDME) are introduced as cosolvent to 10 m LiTFSI in H2O:DMC (1:1 in molar) hybrid aqueous electrolyte. Due to the role of PEGDME as an inactive layer to prevent direct contact between electrode and H2O during the formation of surficial layer, the HER is suppressed, and the formation of stable SEI is facilitated. Additionally, the introduction of PEGDME into electrolytes can expand the electrochemical stability window (ESW) of hybrid aqueous/nonaqueous electrolyte (HANE) and decrease the consumption of electrolytes since the strong interaction of PEGDME with Li+ can weaken the Li+-TFSI-/DMC interactions, leading to an increase in amount of free TFSI⁻ and DMC that exhibit low reduction potential. As a result, by introducing 30 wt.% PEGDME co-solvent, the LiMn2O4 (LMO) || LTO full cell performs the best cycling stability under same testing protocol. For the other aspect, ZnO is employed as the coating material to modify the LTO particles. Because of its highly negative free energy of hydrogen adsorption, ZnO coating layer leads to a higher barrier to hydrogen evolution, thus can suppress HER and enable the formation of a thin and uniform SEI layer with desirable LiF ingredients. Via the combination of PEGDME co-solvent and ZnO coating, LMO || LTO achieves a promising capacity retention of 83% after 200 cycles. Last but not least, by studying the effect of high mass loading of active materials, this work takes a step toward the practical use of the ALIBs. Different from the previous understandings that electrodes with high mass loading would cause drawbacks in the electrochemical performance of ALIBs, this work demonstrates that increasing the mass loading of active materials would support the rapid formation of the SEI layer thus benefitting the Li diffusion kinetic and resulting in significantly improved cycle life.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/356032
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-356032