Background: Entrapment neuropathies can be defined as an injury or irritation of peripheral nerves as they pass through anatomical spaces that house them along their path to the target organ. These injuries or irritations are characterized by increased pressure within the osteofibrous interfaces, which compresses the nerve, root, or spinal ganglion, causing symptoms of various nature such as pain, burning, tingling, paresthesias, decreased sensation and strength. The etiology of entrapment neuropathies remains uncertain and poorly understood. Most of these conditions, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, or "sciatica," to name the most common, share characteristics and risk factors. Due to their diverse manifestations and the lack of standardized and evidence-based treatments, radiculopathy poses significant socioeconomic burdens on healthcare systems. These conditions limit daily activities due to disability and work limitations. Whereas, based on the available literature, it is known that a multimodal approach, including manual therapy, is the most effective approach for radiculopathy. High-velocity, low-amplitude thrust (HVLAT) involves applying a rapid impulse (i.e., a push) accompanied by an audible pop. It is often performed as a first-line treatment included in a multimodal treatment program. Design: This research project aimed to investigate the effectiveness of high velocity low amplitude thrust (HVLAT) manipulative techniques in the management of “neuropathic pain” associated with entrapment neuropathies affecting both the spine and peripheral nerve pathways in order to establish any differences. To this end, two separate studies were performed: a systematic review with meta-analysis - Efficacy of Spine High-Velocity-Low-Amplitude Thrust Manipulations in Patients with Radiculopathy: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis – to evaluate the effectiveness of HVLAT techniques in the management of radiculopathy and a scoping review - What Has Been Reported in the Literature about HVLAT Manipulations in Patients with Peripheral Entrapment Syndrome? A Scoping Review - to map the use of HVLAT techniques and their effectiveness in the treatment of peripheral entrapment neuropathies. Furthermore, the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire (NPQ) - Development of the Italian Version of the Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire (NPQ): A Tool for Assessing Neuropathic Pain - was carried out in consideration of the great difficulty in diagnosing these syndromes. Results Systematic Review: Eleven RCTs (N= 991) were included. HVLAT was associated with significant pain reduction compared sham HVLAT (mean difference (MD): -1.20, 95% CI: -1.90, -0.50) and to non-recommended interventions (MD: -1.16; 95% CI: -1.54, -0.77) in both cervical and lumbar radiculopathy and to physiotherapy (MD: -1.26; 95% CI: -2.20, -0.32) at short- and medium-term follow-up. No differences were detected at long-term follow-up. The overall risk of bias was high; the certainty of evidence ranged from very low to moderate. Results Scoping Review: Of 8,345 articles reviewed, only five met the inclusion criteria: three case reports, one randomized controlled trial, and one quasi-controlled trial. Conditions addressed included carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, and anterior peroneal nerve entrapment. HVLAT techniques varied, targeting the spine and upper and lower extremity joints. Treatment frequencies ranged from once to three times per week for several weeks. Outcome measures included clinical scales, electrophysiological testing, and pain ratings, although follow-up durations were often inadequately reported. Results cross-Cultural Adaptation: The final Italian version of NPQ was developed without any issues. Acceptability was met (no floor and ceiling effect and or missing answers). EFA reported an one-factor structure (ratio between the first and the second eigenvalue to was equal to 3.286, and the variance accounted for by the first factor was equal to 38.9%, with eigenvalues explaining the 38.9% of the variance). Internal consistency was adequate (Cronbach's alpha=0.84), and test-retest reliability (assessed in a subsample of 32 subjects) was excellent (ICC=0.86; 95% CI: 0.74-0.93). The measurement error analysis revealed a SEM equal to 0.39 points and a MDC equal to 1.08 points (corresponding to 13.2% of the total score range). The construct validity was moderate, as 60.0% (three out of five) a-priori hypotheses were met. Conclusions Our findings indicate that high-velocity, low-amplitude thrust techniques (HVLAT) may provide transient relief of pain and disability in patients with entrapment neuropathies compared with control interventions. However, very low to moderate certainty of evidence (CoE), combined with a high risk of bias (RoB) for studies in proximal entrapment neuropathies and a paucity of robust research in distal entrapment syndromes, do not support the routine recommendation of HVLAT for the treatment of entrapment neuropathies. Improved diagnostic accuracy may further clarify the clinical relevance of HVLAT interventions. Future research should explore the role of HVLAT Techniques, either as a primary treatment modality or as a complementary approach.
Obiettivo Valutare l’efficacia della tecnica manipolativa ad alta velocità e bassa ampiezza (HVLAT) nel trattamento delle neuropatie da intrappolamento. Introduzione Le neuropatie da intrappolamento possono essere definite come un danno o un'irritazione dei nervi periferici mentre attraversano gli spazi anatomici che li ospitano lungo il loro percorso verso l'organo bersaglio. Questi danni o irritazioni sono caratterizzati da un aumento della pressione all'interno delle interfacce osteofibrose, che comprime il nervo, la radice o il ganglio spinale, causando sintomi di varia natura, tra cui dolore, bruciore, formicolio, parestesie, riduzione della sensibilità e della forza. L'eziologia delle neuropatie da intrappolamento rimane incerta e poco compresa. La maggior parte di queste condizioni, come la sindrome del tunnel carpale, la sindrome del tunnel cubitale o la "sciatica", per citare le più comuni, condividono caratteristiche e fattori di rischio. A causa delle loro manifestazioni diversificate e della mancanza di trattamenti standardizzati basati sull’evidenza, la radicolopatia comporta un notevole onere socioeconomico per i sistemi sanitari, limitando le attività quotidiane a causa della disabilità e delle restrizioni lavorative. Dalla letteratura disponibile emerge che un approccio multimodale, che includa la terapia manuale, è il più efficace per la radicolopatia. La manipolazione HVLAT prevede l’applicazione di un impulso rapido (cioè una spinta) accompagnato da un suono udibile. Viene spesso eseguita come trattamento di prima linea all'interno di un programma terapeutico multimodale. Disegno dello studio Questo progetto di ricerca ha avuto l'obiettivo di indagare l'efficacia delle tecniche manipolative HVLAT nella gestione del "dolore neuropatico" associato a neuropatie da intrappolamento che coinvolgono sia la colonna vertebrale che i nervi periferici, al fine di evidenziare eventuali differenze. A tale scopo, sono stati condotti due studi distinti: 1. Revisione sistematica con meta-analisi - Efficacia delle manipolazioni spinali HVLAT nei pazienti con radicolopatia: una revisione sistematica con meta-analisi - per valutare l'efficacia delle tecniche HVLAT nella gestione della radicolopatia. 2. Revisione esplorativa (scoping review) - Cosa è stato riportato in letteratura sulle manipolazioni HVLAT nei pazienti con sindromi da intrappolamento periferico? Una scoping review - per mappare l’uso e l’efficacia delle tecniche HVLAT nel trattamento delle neuropatie da intrappolamento periferico. Inoltre, è stata condotta la traduzione e l’adattamento transculturale del Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire (NPQ) - Sviluppo della versione italiana del Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire (NPQ): uno strumento per la valutazione del dolore neuropatico - considerando le difficoltà diagnostiche di queste sindromi. Risultati Revisione Sistematica Sono stati inclusi undici studi randomizzati controllati (RCT) per un totale di 991 pazienti. L’HVLAT è risultato associato a una significativa riduzione del dolore rispetto alla manipolazione sham (differenza media -1.20; IC 95%: -1.90, -0.50) e rispetto a interventi non raccomandati (differenza media -1.16; IC 95%: -1.54, -0.77) sia per la radicolopatia cervicale che lombare. Inoltre, ha mostrato un’efficacia maggiore rispetto alla fisioterapia nel breve e medio termine (differenza media -1.26; IC 95%: -2.20, -0.32). Tuttavia, non sono state rilevate differenze nel follow-up a lungo termine. Il rischio complessivo di bias è risultato elevato e il livello di certezza delle evidenze variava da molto basso a moderato. Revisione Esplorativa Su 8.345 articoli esaminati, solo cinque soddisfacevano i criteri di inclusione: tre case report, uno studio randomizzato controllato e uno studio quasi-controllato. Le condizioni trattate includevano la sindrome del tunnel carpale, la sindrome del tunnel cubitale e l'intrappolamento del nervo peroneo anteriore. Le tecniche HVLAT utilizzate variavano, mirando sia alla colonna vertebrale che alle articolazioni degli arti superiori e inferiori. La frequenza dei trattamenti variava da una a tre volte a settimana per diverse settimane. Gli esiti sono stati valutati tramite scale cliniche, test elettrofisiologici e valutazioni del dolore, sebbene la durata del follow-up fosse spesso riportata in modo inadeguato. Adattamento Transculturale La versione finale in italiano del NPQ è stata sviluppata senza problemi. L’accettabilità è stata confermata (assenza di effetti pavimento/soffitto e nessuna risposta mancante). L’analisi fattoriale esplorativa (EFA) ha evidenziato una struttura a un fattore (rapporto tra il primo e il secondo autovalore pari a 3,286, con una varianza spiegata del 38,9%). L’affidabilità interna è risultata adeguata (α di Cronbach=0,84), così come l'affidabilità test-retest (ICC=0,86; IC 95%: 0,74-0,93). L’errore di misurazione ha mostrato un errore standard di misura (SEM) pari a 0,39 punti e una minima differenza clinicamente rilevabile (MDC) di 1,08 punti (pari al 13,2% dell’intervallo totale di punteggio). La validità costruttiva è risultata moderata, con il 60,0% delle ipotesi a priori confermate (tre su cinque). Conclusioni I nostri risultati indicano che le tecniche HVLAT possono fornire un sollievo transitorio dal dolore e dalla disabilità nei pazienti con neuropatie da intrappolamento, rispetto agli interventi di controllo. Tuttavia, la certezza delle evidenze varia da molto bassa a moderata, e il rischio di bias elevato negli studi sulle neuropatie prossimali, insieme alla scarsità di ricerche solide sulle sindromi da intrappolamento distale, non supporta la raccomandazione di routine dell'HVLAT per il trattamento di queste patologie. Un miglioramento nell'accuratezza diagnostica potrebbe chiarire ulteriormente la rilevanza clinica delle manipolazioni HVLAT. Le ricerche future dovrebbero esplorare il ruolo delle tecniche HVLAT, sia come trattamento primario che come approccio complementare.
The efficacy of high-velocity, low-amplitude thrust manipulation technique in the treatment of entrapment neuropathies
GIOVANNICO, Giuseppe
2025
Abstract
Background: Entrapment neuropathies can be defined as an injury or irritation of peripheral nerves as they pass through anatomical spaces that house them along their path to the target organ. These injuries or irritations are characterized by increased pressure within the osteofibrous interfaces, which compresses the nerve, root, or spinal ganglion, causing symptoms of various nature such as pain, burning, tingling, paresthesias, decreased sensation and strength. The etiology of entrapment neuropathies remains uncertain and poorly understood. Most of these conditions, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, or "sciatica," to name the most common, share characteristics and risk factors. Due to their diverse manifestations and the lack of standardized and evidence-based treatments, radiculopathy poses significant socioeconomic burdens on healthcare systems. These conditions limit daily activities due to disability and work limitations. Whereas, based on the available literature, it is known that a multimodal approach, including manual therapy, is the most effective approach for radiculopathy. High-velocity, low-amplitude thrust (HVLAT) involves applying a rapid impulse (i.e., a push) accompanied by an audible pop. It is often performed as a first-line treatment included in a multimodal treatment program. Design: This research project aimed to investigate the effectiveness of high velocity low amplitude thrust (HVLAT) manipulative techniques in the management of “neuropathic pain” associated with entrapment neuropathies affecting both the spine and peripheral nerve pathways in order to establish any differences. To this end, two separate studies were performed: a systematic review with meta-analysis - Efficacy of Spine High-Velocity-Low-Amplitude Thrust Manipulations in Patients with Radiculopathy: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis – to evaluate the effectiveness of HVLAT techniques in the management of radiculopathy and a scoping review - What Has Been Reported in the Literature about HVLAT Manipulations in Patients with Peripheral Entrapment Syndrome? A Scoping Review - to map the use of HVLAT techniques and their effectiveness in the treatment of peripheral entrapment neuropathies. Furthermore, the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire (NPQ) - Development of the Italian Version of the Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire (NPQ): A Tool for Assessing Neuropathic Pain - was carried out in consideration of the great difficulty in diagnosing these syndromes. Results Systematic Review: Eleven RCTs (N= 991) were included. HVLAT was associated with significant pain reduction compared sham HVLAT (mean difference (MD): -1.20, 95% CI: -1.90, -0.50) and to non-recommended interventions (MD: -1.16; 95% CI: -1.54, -0.77) in both cervical and lumbar radiculopathy and to physiotherapy (MD: -1.26; 95% CI: -2.20, -0.32) at short- and medium-term follow-up. No differences were detected at long-term follow-up. The overall risk of bias was high; the certainty of evidence ranged from very low to moderate. Results Scoping Review: Of 8,345 articles reviewed, only five met the inclusion criteria: three case reports, one randomized controlled trial, and one quasi-controlled trial. Conditions addressed included carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, and anterior peroneal nerve entrapment. HVLAT techniques varied, targeting the spine and upper and lower extremity joints. Treatment frequencies ranged from once to three times per week for several weeks. Outcome measures included clinical scales, electrophysiological testing, and pain ratings, although follow-up durations were often inadequately reported. Results cross-Cultural Adaptation: The final Italian version of NPQ was developed without any issues. Acceptability was met (no floor and ceiling effect and or missing answers). EFA reported an one-factor structure (ratio between the first and the second eigenvalue to was equal to 3.286, and the variance accounted for by the first factor was equal to 38.9%, with eigenvalues explaining the 38.9% of the variance). Internal consistency was adequate (Cronbach's alpha=0.84), and test-retest reliability (assessed in a subsample of 32 subjects) was excellent (ICC=0.86; 95% CI: 0.74-0.93). The measurement error analysis revealed a SEM equal to 0.39 points and a MDC equal to 1.08 points (corresponding to 13.2% of the total score range). The construct validity was moderate, as 60.0% (three out of five) a-priori hypotheses were met. Conclusions Our findings indicate that high-velocity, low-amplitude thrust techniques (HVLAT) may provide transient relief of pain and disability in patients with entrapment neuropathies compared with control interventions. However, very low to moderate certainty of evidence (CoE), combined with a high risk of bias (RoB) for studies in proximal entrapment neuropathies and a paucity of robust research in distal entrapment syndromes, do not support the routine recommendation of HVLAT for the treatment of entrapment neuropathies. Improved diagnostic accuracy may further clarify the clinical relevance of HVLAT interventions. Future research should explore the role of HVLAT Techniques, either as a primary treatment modality or as a complementary approach.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/356334
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMOL-356334