The human body presents a fundamental paradox in studying embodied cognition and phenomenological experience. It serves as the primary interface through which we perceive and interact with the environment and constitutes the physical substrate of personal identity. Despite its key functions, conscious body awareness often remains limited under normal circumstances and in everyday life. We tend to give our body as a guarantee until it becomes the vehicle of signals that something is going wrong, forcing us to become aware of its (inner and outer) characteristics. There is, however, another way in which we become aware of our bodies that goes beyond illness and injuries: we can become aware of our body through “the eyes of the Other”, namely when our body becomes an object to be observed and/or when we are observed by Others. Indeed, one of the core features of our body is that it can be both a subject and an object at the same time. This special “dual role” of the body is at the heart of a reflection that cuts across both psychology and neuroscience. Blanke (2012) defined the body as “the most multisensory object” as it emerges from the probabilistic combination of information from different sensory modalities and spatial frames, which has been defined as “Multisensory Integration Processing” (MSI). If we try to understand MSI according to the Predictive Coding framework (Friston, 2010), MSI involves inferential mechanisms in which the brain compares incoming (online) information with what it expects based on our prior (offline) experiences. In other words, the brain integrates a stream of incoming information from inside and outside the body into a coherent representation and compares it with what it already knows and expects about the body itself. This probabilistic process generates a model of the body: the Body Matrix (Riva, 2018). This implies that the way we represent our body is based both on actual bodily information (e.g., somatosensory, visual, tactile) but also from stored prior information that can be conceptual (the meaning attributed to the body), perceptual (the size and shape of the body), and episodic (the autobiographical events related to the experience of the body). Then, body experience is not strictly a matter of how the body physically looks (Blanke, 2012). This constitutes the starting point of my PhD project: the way we represent our body is the result of an inferential process in which different pieces of online and offline information from inside and outside the body are coherently put together. But what happens when this predictive mechanism becomes disrupted? I hypothesized that distorted body representation, such as the ones observed in patients affected by Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, may fundamentally stem from multisensory predictive process impairments. Reformulating, my idea is that the discrepancy between the objective physical body and its subjective perception is linked to an altered inferential and probabilistic process of online and offline bodily information. Then, this PhD project aims to contribute to research on the complex nature of subjective bodily experience, intended as the result of a probabilistic multisensory integration process. In particular, the experimental research presented throughout the following pages will try to understand how we can use multisensory experiences to manipulate the Body Matrix with the final goal of finding new possibilities to help individuals struggling with their body's representation. In the following pages, I will outline my doctoral thesis journey. The first chapter will explain the multisensory nature and the ontogenetic model of body representation. The second chapter will focus on the role of the body in patients affected by Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, pathologies that were taken as examples of conditions in which objective and subjective body experience do not correspond. Here, I will explain my proposal to look at distorted body experience in these conditions, focusing on MSI and predictive mechanisms, based on systematic literature review findings. Subsequently, I will present a machine learning study supporting the key role of the body in Anorexia Nervosa maintenance and relapse, and, consequently, the importance of developing body-focused interventions. The third chapter will present Virtual Reality (VR) technology as a suitable means to study and manipulate bodily experience using immersive multisensory experiences as Full Body Illusions (FBI). The core VR features will be presented to clarify the unique opportunities this technology offers in the study of the body. At this point, I will explain the object of the research, the theoretical background, and the methodology. The chapter will continue by presenting experimental studies investigating how we can use this framework and tools to manipulate the Body Matrix. In a first study, I developed a gender-specific VR FBI experience to investigate whether males and females respond differently to the FBI. As this research highlighted significant differences, suggesting the need for gender-specific bodily approaches, the project will only focus on females starting from this point. This is because most patients affected by Anorexia Nervosa are women. Then, I will present an improved version of the FBI that I developed specifically for the female population. The second experiment in the chapter will instead investigate the role of spatial perspective in the effectiveness of the body illusion in inducing changes in the Body Matrix. The study revealed a different role of first and third-person perspectives on body representation development and update. The last chapter will go more into detail on the use of VR technology in the Eating Disorder field. A scoping review will then be presented to systematize the existing procedures using VR to assess, understand, and treat these conditions. After this broad overview, I will present a single-subject case study in which I will test the acceptance, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of an innovative VR intervention to improve the subjective body experience in a patient affected by Anorexia Nervosa. This study was possible thanks to the collaboration of the IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano. All the studies in this thesis have already been published in peer-reviewed international journals, while others were presented at international conferences. The empirical findings of this PhD thesis present promising avenues for both theoretical advancement and clinical application. While demonstrating significant potential and opportunities, further research is necessary to strengthen their reliability and generalizability. Nonetheless, this thesis makes a substantive contribution to our understanding of subjective body experience and its underlying mechanisms. This work thus tried to bridge the gap between research and clinical practice, offering new perspectives for addressing the complex challenges faced by individuals struggling with body- related disturbances.
Il corpo umano presenta un paradosso fondamentale nello studio della cognizione incarnata e dell’esperienza fenomenologica. Esso costituisce l’interfaccia primaria attraverso cui percepiamo e interagiamo con l’ambiente e rappresenta il substrato fisico dell’identità personale. Nonostante queste funzioni chiave, la consapevolezza corporea cosciente rimane spesso limitata in condizioni normali e nella vita quotidiana. Tendiamo a dare il nostro corpo per scontato finché non diventa il veicolo di segnali che indicano che qualcosa non va, costringendoci a prendere consapevolezza delle sue caratteristiche (interne ed esterne). Esiste tuttavia un altro modo attraverso cui diventiamo consapevoli del nostro corpo che va oltre la malattia e le lesioni: possiamo diventare consapevoli del nostro corpo attraverso “gli occhi dell’Altro”, ovvero quando il nostro corpo diventa un oggetto da osservare e/o quando siamo osservati dagli altri. Infatti, una delle caratteristiche fondamentali del nostro corpo è che può essere allo stesso tempo soggetto e oggetto. Questo particolare “duplice ruolo” del corpo è al centro di una riflessione che attraversa sia la psicologia sia le neuroscienze. Blanke (2012) ha definito il corpo come “l’oggetto più multisensoriale”, in quanto emerge dalla combinazione probabilistica di informazioni provenienti da diverse modalità sensoriali e cornici spaziali, un processo definito come “Integrazione Multisensoriale” (Multisensory Integration Processing, MSI). Se cerchiamo di comprendere la MSI secondo il framework del Predictive Coding (Friston, 2010), essa coinvolge meccanismi inferenziali attraverso i quali il cervello confronta le informazioni in arrivo (online) con ciò che si aspetta sulla base delle esperienze pregresse (offline). In altre parole, il cervello integra un flusso di informazioni provenienti dall’interno e dall’esterno del corpo in una rappresentazione coerente e la confronta con ciò che già conosce e si aspetta del corpo stesso. Questo processo probabilistico genera un modello del corpo: la Body Matrix (Riva, 2018). Ciò implica che il modo in cui rappresentiamo il nostro corpo si basa sia su informazioni corporee attuali (ad esempio somatosensoriali, visive, tattili), sia su informazioni pregresse immagazzinate che possono essere concettuali (il significato attribuito al corpo), percettive (le dimensioni e la forma del corpo) ed episodiche (gli eventi autobiografici legati all’esperienza del corpo). Di conseguenza, l’esperienza corporea non è strettamente una questione di come il corpo appare fisicamente (Blanke, 2012). Questo costituisce il punto di partenza del mio progetto di dottorato: il modo in cui rappresentiamo il nostro corpo è il risultato di un processo inferenziale in cui diversi elementi di informazione online e offline, provenienti dall’interno e dall’esterno del corpo, vengono integrati in modo coerente. Ma cosa accade quando questo meccanismo predittivo si altera? Ho ipotizzato che le rappresentazioni corporee distorte, come quelle osservate in pazienti affetti da Anoressia Nervosa e Bulimia Nervosa, possano derivare fondamentalmente da un’alterazione dei processi predittivi multisensoriali. Riformulando, l’idea è che la discrepanza tra il corpo fisico oggettivo e la sua percezione soggettiva sia legata a un processo inferenziale e probabilistico alterato delle informazioni corporee online e offline. Pertanto, questo progetto di dottorato mira a contribuire alla ricerca sulla natura complessa dell’esperienza corporea soggettiva, intesa come il risultato di un processo probabilistico di integrazione multisensoriale. In particolare, la ricerca sperimentale presentata nelle pagine seguenti cercherà di comprendere come sia possibile utilizzare esperienze multisensoriali per manipolare la Body Matrix, con l’obiettivo finale di individuare nuove possibilità per aiutare le persone che faticano nella rappresentazione del proprio corpo. Nelle pagine seguenti delineerò il percorso della mia tesi di dottorato. Il primo capitolo spiegherà la natura multisensoriale e il modello ontogenetico della rappresentazione corporea. Il secondo capitolo si concentrerà sul ruolo del corpo nei pazienti affetti da Anoressia Nervosa e Bulimia Nervosa, patologie prese come esempio di condizioni in cui l’esperienza corporea oggettiva e soggettiva non coincidono. Qui illustrerò la mia proposta di interpretare l’esperienza corporea distorta in queste condizioni, concentrandomi sui meccanismi di integrazione multisensoriale e predizione, sulla base dei risultati di una revisione sistematica della letteratura. Successivamente, presenterò uno studio di machine learning che supporta il ruolo chiave del corpo nel mantenimento e nella ricaduta dell’Anoressia Nervosa e, di conseguenza, l’importanza di sviluppare interventi focalizzati sul corpo. Il terzo capitolo presenterà la tecnologia della Realtà Virtuale (VR) come uno strumento adeguato per studiare e manipolare l’esperienza corporea attraverso esperienze multisensoriali immersive, come le Full Body Illusions (FBI). Verranno presentate le principali caratteristiche della VR per chiarire le opportunità uniche che questa tecnologia offre nello studio del corpo. A questo punto, illustrerò l’oggetto della ricerca, il background teorico e la metodologia. Il capitolo proseguirà presentando studi sperimentali che indagano come sia possibile utilizzare questo framework e questi strumenti per manipolare la Body Matrix. In un primo studio, ho sviluppato un’esperienza di FBI in VR specifica per genere per indagare se maschi e femmine rispondessero in modo diverso all’illusione corporea. Poiché questa ricerca ha evidenziato differenze significative, suggerendo la necessità di approcci corporei specifici per genere, il progetto si concentrerà esclusivamente sulle donne a partire da questo punto, anche perché la maggior parte dei pazienti affetti da Anoressia Nervosa è di sesso femminile. Successivamente, presenterò una versione migliorata della FBI sviluppata specificamente per la popolazione femminile. Il secondo esperimento del capitolo indagherà invece il ruolo della prospettiva spaziale nell’efficacia dell’illusione corporea nell’indurre cambiamenti nella Body Matrix. Lo studio ha rivelato un ruolo differente delle prospettive in prima e in terza persona nello sviluppo e nell’aggiornamento della rappresentazione corporea. L’ultimo capitolo entrerà maggiormente nel dettaglio dell’uso della tecnologia VR nell’ambito dei Disturbi dell’Alimentazione. Verrà presentata una scoping review per sistematizzare le procedure esistenti che utilizzano la VR per valutare, comprendere e trattare queste condizioni. Dopo questa panoramica generale, presenterò uno studio di caso a soggetto singolo in cui testerò l’accettabilità, la fattibilità e l’efficacia preliminare di un intervento innovativo in VR volto a migliorare l’esperienza corporea soggettiva in una paziente affetta da Anoressia Nervosa. Questo studio è stato possibile grazie alla collaborazione con l’IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano. Tutti gli studi inclusi in questa tesi sono già stati pubblicati su riviste internazionali peer-reviewed, mentre altri sono stati presentati in conferenze internazionali. I risultati empirici di questa tesi di dottorato aprono prospettive promettenti sia per l’avanzamento teorico sia per l’applicazione clinica. Pur dimostrando un potenziale e opportunità significative, sono necessarie ulteriori ricerche per rafforzarne l’affidabilità e la generalizzabilità. Ciononostante, questa tesi fornisce un contributo sostanziale alla comprensione dell’esperienza corporea soggettiva e dei suoi meccanismi sottostanti. Questo lavoro ha quindi cercato di colmare il divario tra ricerca e pratica clinica, offrendo nuove prospettive per affrontare le complesse sfide vissute dalle persone che lottano con disturbi legati al corpo.
M.E.T.E. PROJECT - MULTISENSORY EMBODIED TRANSFORMATIVE EXPERIENCES
Brizzi, Giulia
2026
Abstract
The human body presents a fundamental paradox in studying embodied cognition and phenomenological experience. It serves as the primary interface through which we perceive and interact with the environment and constitutes the physical substrate of personal identity. Despite its key functions, conscious body awareness often remains limited under normal circumstances and in everyday life. We tend to give our body as a guarantee until it becomes the vehicle of signals that something is going wrong, forcing us to become aware of its (inner and outer) characteristics. There is, however, another way in which we become aware of our bodies that goes beyond illness and injuries: we can become aware of our body through “the eyes of the Other”, namely when our body becomes an object to be observed and/or when we are observed by Others. Indeed, one of the core features of our body is that it can be both a subject and an object at the same time. This special “dual role” of the body is at the heart of a reflection that cuts across both psychology and neuroscience. Blanke (2012) defined the body as “the most multisensory object” as it emerges from the probabilistic combination of information from different sensory modalities and spatial frames, which has been defined as “Multisensory Integration Processing” (MSI). If we try to understand MSI according to the Predictive Coding framework (Friston, 2010), MSI involves inferential mechanisms in which the brain compares incoming (online) information with what it expects based on our prior (offline) experiences. In other words, the brain integrates a stream of incoming information from inside and outside the body into a coherent representation and compares it with what it already knows and expects about the body itself. This probabilistic process generates a model of the body: the Body Matrix (Riva, 2018). This implies that the way we represent our body is based both on actual bodily information (e.g., somatosensory, visual, tactile) but also from stored prior information that can be conceptual (the meaning attributed to the body), perceptual (the size and shape of the body), and episodic (the autobiographical events related to the experience of the body). Then, body experience is not strictly a matter of how the body physically looks (Blanke, 2012). This constitutes the starting point of my PhD project: the way we represent our body is the result of an inferential process in which different pieces of online and offline information from inside and outside the body are coherently put together. But what happens when this predictive mechanism becomes disrupted? I hypothesized that distorted body representation, such as the ones observed in patients affected by Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, may fundamentally stem from multisensory predictive process impairments. Reformulating, my idea is that the discrepancy between the objective physical body and its subjective perception is linked to an altered inferential and probabilistic process of online and offline bodily information. Then, this PhD project aims to contribute to research on the complex nature of subjective bodily experience, intended as the result of a probabilistic multisensory integration process. In particular, the experimental research presented throughout the following pages will try to understand how we can use multisensory experiences to manipulate the Body Matrix with the final goal of finding new possibilities to help individuals struggling with their body's representation. In the following pages, I will outline my doctoral thesis journey. The first chapter will explain the multisensory nature and the ontogenetic model of body representation. The second chapter will focus on the role of the body in patients affected by Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, pathologies that were taken as examples of conditions in which objective and subjective body experience do not correspond. Here, I will explain my proposal to look at distorted body experience in these conditions, focusing on MSI and predictive mechanisms, based on systematic literature review findings. Subsequently, I will present a machine learning study supporting the key role of the body in Anorexia Nervosa maintenance and relapse, and, consequently, the importance of developing body-focused interventions. The third chapter will present Virtual Reality (VR) technology as a suitable means to study and manipulate bodily experience using immersive multisensory experiences as Full Body Illusions (FBI). The core VR features will be presented to clarify the unique opportunities this technology offers in the study of the body. At this point, I will explain the object of the research, the theoretical background, and the methodology. The chapter will continue by presenting experimental studies investigating how we can use this framework and tools to manipulate the Body Matrix. In a first study, I developed a gender-specific VR FBI experience to investigate whether males and females respond differently to the FBI. As this research highlighted significant differences, suggesting the need for gender-specific bodily approaches, the project will only focus on females starting from this point. This is because most patients affected by Anorexia Nervosa are women. Then, I will present an improved version of the FBI that I developed specifically for the female population. The second experiment in the chapter will instead investigate the role of spatial perspective in the effectiveness of the body illusion in inducing changes in the Body Matrix. The study revealed a different role of first and third-person perspectives on body representation development and update. The last chapter will go more into detail on the use of VR technology in the Eating Disorder field. A scoping review will then be presented to systematize the existing procedures using VR to assess, understand, and treat these conditions. After this broad overview, I will present a single-subject case study in which I will test the acceptance, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of an innovative VR intervention to improve the subjective body experience in a patient affected by Anorexia Nervosa. This study was possible thanks to the collaboration of the IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano. All the studies in this thesis have already been published in peer-reviewed international journals, while others were presented at international conferences. The empirical findings of this PhD thesis present promising avenues for both theoretical advancement and clinical application. While demonstrating significant potential and opportunities, further research is necessary to strengthen their reliability and generalizability. Nonetheless, this thesis makes a substantive contribution to our understanding of subjective body experience and its underlying mechanisms. This work thus tried to bridge the gap between research and clinical practice, offering new perspectives for addressing the complex challenges faced by individuals struggling with body- related disturbances.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/356347
URN:NBN:IT:UNICATT-356347