Background Over the past two decades, the issue of offenders with mental disorders—and in particular, the risks of possible recidivism in this population—has stimulated a lively debate, at times unfortunately ideological, as well as extensive operational reflection concerning the organizational impact on Mental Health and psychosocial services. Among the recurring questions are: what are the consequences of the growing epidemiological presence of such patients in community services? What is the mandate of a REMS or a therapeutic community when they host offenders? Aims To study the clinical and criminological profiles of offenders with mental disorders and psychopathological conditions, and to assess the risk of violent and unlawful recidivism through a cross-sectional study with internal comparison groups based on the settings in which these patients were placed. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with comparison groups consisting of offenders with mental disorders placed in psychiatric and custodial facilities with varying levels of care and containment (community services, therapeutic communities, prisons). In order to investigate severity and/or risk on specific psychopathological and functional parameters—diagnosis, personality psychopathology, impulsivity, anger, alexithymia, psychopathy, risk of violent and criminal recidivism, clinical and social needs, aggression, fluid and crystallized intelligence, and quality of life—the following instruments were administered: SCID-5-PD, BIS-11, STAXI-2, TAS-20, PCL-R, HCR-20V3, CANFOR, MOAS, Raven’s Matrices, and WHOQOL-BREF. Results The initial hypothesis—that clinical and criminological profiles would be independent of the setting—was not confirmed. Statistically and clinically significant differences emerged, which may be summarized as follows: • Prison: concentration of younger subjects, antisocial personality disorder, polysubstance use, dysfunctional family networks, higher frequency of suicide attempts. Higher MOAS and HCR-20V3 scores documented greater levels of aggression and risk of violent recidivism. Quality of life, as measured by the WHOQOL-BREF, was significantly poorer, particularly in the domains of “social relationships” and “environment.” • Therapeutic communities: prevalence of patients with psychotic disorders and exclusive cocaine use. Intermediate scores on aggression and quality-of-life scales were observed, but the higher frequency of extensions of security measures points to prolonged risk management. • Community services: host more stabilized patients, of older average age, with relatively more functional family networks and a lower risk of recidivism. These patients scored lower on aggression and higher in quality-of-life domains. Multivariate analysis identified the following as significant predictors of clinical-criminal recidivism: early age at onset, low level of education, absence of stable employment, family dysfunction, substance abuse, high levels of anger and impulsivity, and psychopathic traits. Conclusions Clinical and criminal recidivism emerges as a multidimensional phenomenon, influenced by the institutional setting of placement. The findings highlight the need to move beyond dichotomous models of “care versus social defense,” and to promote integrated therapeutic–rehabilitative pathways calibrated to different institutional contexts. This requires structured collaboration between health services and the judiciary, and the adoption of evidence-based approaches, in line with international recommendations, in order to safeguard both public health and social safety.
Background Negli ultimi due decenni il tema dei soggetti con disturbi mentali autori di reato e, soprattutto, i rischi di possibile recidività in questa popolazione hanno stimolato un vivace dibattito speculativo - a tratti, purtroppo, solo ideologico - e molte riflessioni operative per le ricadute organizzative sui Servizi di Salute Mentale e dell’area psicosociale. Tra queste riflessioni, le più frequenti sono state: quali sono le conseguenze della crescita epidemiologica di tali pazienti nei Servizi Territoriali? Scopo Studiare i profili clinici e criminologici degli autori di reato con disturbi mentali e problematiche psicopatologiche. Effettuare una valutazione del rischio di recidiva di comportamenti violenti e antigiuridici. Metodi È stato condotto uno studio trasversale con gruppi di confronto costituiti da pazienti affetti da disturbi mentali autori di reato inseriti in Strutture psichiatriche e detentive, a diversa intensità di cura e di contenimento (territorio, comunità, carcere). Allo scopo di indagare il livello di gravità e/o di rischio su determinati parametri psicopatologici e di funzionamento – quali diagnosi, profili psicopatologici della personalità, impulsività, rabbia, alessitimia, psicopatia, rischio di recidiva di comportamenti violenti e di reato, bisogni di cura e sociali, impulsività, aggressività, intelligenza fluida e svincolata dalla cultura, intelligenza cristallizzata e qualità di vita - sono stati somministrati i seguenti test: SCID-5-PD, BIS-11, STAXI-2, TAS-20, PCL-R, HCR-20V3, CANFOR, MOAS, Matrici di Raven e WHOQOL-BREF. Risultati L’ipotesi iniziale, secondo cui i profili clinici e criminologici sarebbero indipendenti dal setting di collocazione, è stata smentita. Sono emerse differenze statisticamente e clinicamente significative che possono essere riassunte nei seguenti elementi: - Carcere: concentrazione di soggetti con età più giovane, disturbo antisociale di personalità, policonsumo di sostanze, reti familiari disfunzionali, maggiore frequenza di tentativi di suicidio. I punteggi più elevati a MOAS e HCR-20V3 hanno documentato livelli superiori di aggressività e rischio di recidiva violenta. La qualità della vita, misurata dal WHOQOL-BREF, è risultata significativamente più compromessa, soprattutto nei domini “relazioni sociali” e “ambiente”. - Comunità terapeutiche: prevalenza di pazienti con disturbi psicotici e consumo esclusivo di cocaina. Qui si osservano i punteggi intermedi nelle scale di aggressività e qualità di vita, ma la maggiore frequenza di proroghe delle misure di sicurezza segnala una gestione protratta del rischio. - Territorio: accogliendo pazienti più stabilizzati, di età media più avanzata, con reti familiari relativamente più funzionali e un rischio contenuto di recidiva, esprime punteggi più bassi di aggressività e più alti nei domini di qualità di vita. L’analisi multivariata ha identificato come predittori significativi di recidiva clinico-criminale i seguenti indicatori: età precoce all’esordio, basso livello di istruzione, assenza di occupazione stabile, disfunzione familiare, abuso di sostanze, elevati livelli di rabbia, impulsività e tratti psicopatici. Conclusioni La recidiva clinica e criminale emerge come fenomeno multidimensionale, presumibilmente influenzato dal contesto istituzionale di collocazione. I risultati sottolineano la necessità di superare modelli dicotomici tra cura e difesa sociale, orientando verso percorsi terapeutico riabilitativi integrati e calibrati sui diversi setting istituzionali. Ciò richiede una collaborazione strutturata tra Servizi sanitari e Magistratura e l’adozione di approcci evidence-based, in linea con le raccomandazioni internazionali, per garantire insieme tutela della salute pubblica e sicurezza sociale.
Profili psicopatologico - criminologici e rischio di recidiva di comportamenti violenti e antigiuridici in pazienti psichiatrici autori di reato: un confronto tra Strutture a diversa intensità di cura e contenimento
GIANCONTIERI, ANTONINO
2026
Abstract
Background Over the past two decades, the issue of offenders with mental disorders—and in particular, the risks of possible recidivism in this population—has stimulated a lively debate, at times unfortunately ideological, as well as extensive operational reflection concerning the organizational impact on Mental Health and psychosocial services. Among the recurring questions are: what are the consequences of the growing epidemiological presence of such patients in community services? What is the mandate of a REMS or a therapeutic community when they host offenders? Aims To study the clinical and criminological profiles of offenders with mental disorders and psychopathological conditions, and to assess the risk of violent and unlawful recidivism through a cross-sectional study with internal comparison groups based on the settings in which these patients were placed. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with comparison groups consisting of offenders with mental disorders placed in psychiatric and custodial facilities with varying levels of care and containment (community services, therapeutic communities, prisons). In order to investigate severity and/or risk on specific psychopathological and functional parameters—diagnosis, personality psychopathology, impulsivity, anger, alexithymia, psychopathy, risk of violent and criminal recidivism, clinical and social needs, aggression, fluid and crystallized intelligence, and quality of life—the following instruments were administered: SCID-5-PD, BIS-11, STAXI-2, TAS-20, PCL-R, HCR-20V3, CANFOR, MOAS, Raven’s Matrices, and WHOQOL-BREF. Results The initial hypothesis—that clinical and criminological profiles would be independent of the setting—was not confirmed. Statistically and clinically significant differences emerged, which may be summarized as follows: • Prison: concentration of younger subjects, antisocial personality disorder, polysubstance use, dysfunctional family networks, higher frequency of suicide attempts. Higher MOAS and HCR-20V3 scores documented greater levels of aggression and risk of violent recidivism. Quality of life, as measured by the WHOQOL-BREF, was significantly poorer, particularly in the domains of “social relationships” and “environment.” • Therapeutic communities: prevalence of patients with psychotic disorders and exclusive cocaine use. Intermediate scores on aggression and quality-of-life scales were observed, but the higher frequency of extensions of security measures points to prolonged risk management. • Community services: host more stabilized patients, of older average age, with relatively more functional family networks and a lower risk of recidivism. These patients scored lower on aggression and higher in quality-of-life domains. Multivariate analysis identified the following as significant predictors of clinical-criminal recidivism: early age at onset, low level of education, absence of stable employment, family dysfunction, substance abuse, high levels of anger and impulsivity, and psychopathic traits. Conclusions Clinical and criminal recidivism emerges as a multidimensional phenomenon, influenced by the institutional setting of placement. The findings highlight the need to move beyond dichotomous models of “care versus social defense,” and to promote integrated therapeutic–rehabilitative pathways calibrated to different institutional contexts. This requires structured collaboration between health services and the judiciary, and the adoption of evidence-based approaches, in line with international recommendations, in order to safeguard both public health and social safety.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/356907
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-356907