Introduction Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily marked by motor symptoms, but cognitive decline can also occur as the disease progresses. Several studies demonstrated the efficacy of Dual-Task (DT) training on improving gait, balance and cognition in PD. Recent studies suggest that transcranial direct current electrical stimulation (tDCS), a low-cost, non-invasive brain stimulation, could be an effective intervention for PD. Objective By associating DT treatment and tDCS, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of a rehabilitation treatment that combines tDCS and DT in patients with PD. Methods We evaluated clinical effects of this combined therapeutic approach through a quadrupleblind Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). We have enrolled 23 patients (4 dropped-out) randomized into 2 groups, who performed DT associated with tDCS real or tDCS sham, over 12 rehabilitation sessions. Each participant was assessed at the baseline (T0), after 6-week treatment (T1) and after 3 months (T2) for disease severity (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-UPDRS-III) and performed instrumented Time Up and Go (iTUG), instrumented ten meters walking test (i10MWT) single and DT conditions (single, motor and cognitive) and neuropsychological test on executive function. Results We found that iTUGmotor for number of steps in 180° significantly differed between T0 and T1 for tDCSreal group where it decreased (p=.029) and also for tDCssham group, where it increased instead (p=.037). Moreover, in i10MWT motor on cadence, at baseline, both groups were significantly different (p=.018). While tDCSreal group’s measures remained stable between T1 and T2, tDCSsham group got worse . Similarly, in i10MWTcognitive on cadence, while tDCSreal group’s measures remained stable between T1 and T2, instead tDCSsham group got worse; considering the significant difference between groups at the baseline(p=.042). Moreover, performances in the phonemic fluency test revealed an improvement over time in both groups. Conclusions While the study is not yet complete, preliminary results suggest that the described rehabilitation protocol may have a beneficial effect on motor and cognitive symptoms in treated PD patients. Specifically, it appears to slow the evolution of the disease and reduce the negative impact of dual-task activities on walking deficits. Additionally, we observed an improvement in a secondary objective measure related to executive function.
Introduzione La malattia di Parkinson (MP) è un disturbo neurodegenerativo caratterizzato principalmente da disturbi motori, ma con il progredire della malattia può verificarsi anche un declino cognitivo. Diversi studi hanno dimostrato l'efficacia dell'allenamento con Dual-Task (DT) nel migliorare il cammino, l'equilibrio e la cognitività nei pazienti con MP. Studi recenti suggeriscono che la stimolazione elettrica transcranica a corrente diretta (tDCS), una stimolazione cerebrale a basso costo e non invasiva, potrebbe rappresentare un intervento efficace per la MP. Obiettivo Associando il trattamento DT alla tDCS, il nostro obiettivo è stato quello di indagare l'efficacia di un trattamento riabilitativo che combina tDCS e DT nei pazienti con MP. Metodi Abbiamo valutato gli effetti clinici di questo approccio combinato attraverso uno studio controllato randomizzato (RCT) in quadruplo cieco. Abbiamo arruolato 23 pazienti (4 hanno abbandonato) randomizzati in 2 gruppi, che hanno eseguito DT associato a tDCS reale o tDCS simulata (sham), nell'arco di 12 sessioni di riabilitazione. Ciascun partecipante è stato valutato al basale (T0), dopo 6 settimane di trattamento (T1) e dopo 3 mesi (T2) per la gravità della malattia (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-UPDRS-III). Sono stati inoltre eseguiti l'instrumented Time Up and Go (iTUG) e l'instrumented ten meters walking test (i10MWT) in condizioni singole e DT (singola, motoria e cognitiva) e test neuropsicologici sulla funzione esecutiva. Risultati Abbiamo riscontrato risultati significativi relativi all'obiettivo primario: iTUG e i10MWT. L’iTUG motorio, nel numero di passi in 180° differisce significativamente tra T0 e T1 per il gruppo reale (tDCSreal), in cui diminuisce (media=3.77; SD=0.62; p=.029) ed anche il gruppo sham (tDCSsham) che invece aumenta il valore (media= 4.45; SD=1.23; p=.037). Entrambi i gruppi erano significativamente differenti (p=.018) nella cadenza del passo, nell’ i10MWT motorio, al basale, (tDCSreal vs. tDCSsham; media (SD)) (59.1 (1.73) vs. 42.9 (5.20)).Mentre il gruppo reale rimane stabile tra T1 e T2 (T1: mean=57.6; SD=1.72; T2: mean=54.8; SD=2.0), invece tDCSsham peggiora (T1: mean=44.2; SD=5.15; T2: mean=54.7; SD=6.0). Allo stesso modo, i10MWT cognitivo nella cadenza, mentre i valori del gruppo tDCSreal rimangono stabili tra T1 and T2 (T1: mean=54.0; SD=2.0; T2: mean=50.8; SD=2.67), invece il gruppo tDCSsham peggiora (T1: mean=43.2; SD=6.14; T2: mean=52.6; SD=8.00), considerando la differenza significativa tra i gruppi al basale. Inoltre, i test delle fluenze fonemiche hanno rivelato un miglioramento nel tempo in entrambi i gruppi. Conclusioni Sebbene lo studio non sia stato ancora completato, i risultati preliminari suggeriscono che il protocollo riabilitativo descritto possa avere un effetto benefico sui sintomi motori e cognitivi nei pazienti con MP trattati. Nello specifico, sembra rallentare l'evoluzione della malattia e ridurre l'impatto negativo delle attività in dual-task sui deficit di deambulazione. Inoltre, abbiamo osservato un miglioramento in una misura secondaria relativa alla funzione esecutiva.
“Executive functions and Parkinson’s Disease: from cognitive deficits to new treatment avenues”
ANTONIOTTI, PAOLA
2026
Abstract
Introduction Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily marked by motor symptoms, but cognitive decline can also occur as the disease progresses. Several studies demonstrated the efficacy of Dual-Task (DT) training on improving gait, balance and cognition in PD. Recent studies suggest that transcranial direct current electrical stimulation (tDCS), a low-cost, non-invasive brain stimulation, could be an effective intervention for PD. Objective By associating DT treatment and tDCS, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of a rehabilitation treatment that combines tDCS and DT in patients with PD. Methods We evaluated clinical effects of this combined therapeutic approach through a quadrupleblind Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). We have enrolled 23 patients (4 dropped-out) randomized into 2 groups, who performed DT associated with tDCS real or tDCS sham, over 12 rehabilitation sessions. Each participant was assessed at the baseline (T0), after 6-week treatment (T1) and after 3 months (T2) for disease severity (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-UPDRS-III) and performed instrumented Time Up and Go (iTUG), instrumented ten meters walking test (i10MWT) single and DT conditions (single, motor and cognitive) and neuropsychological test on executive function. Results We found that iTUGmotor for number of steps in 180° significantly differed between T0 and T1 for tDCSreal group where it decreased (p=.029) and also for tDCssham group, where it increased instead (p=.037). Moreover, in i10MWT motor on cadence, at baseline, both groups were significantly different (p=.018). While tDCSreal group’s measures remained stable between T1 and T2, tDCSsham group got worse . Similarly, in i10MWTcognitive on cadence, while tDCSreal group’s measures remained stable between T1 and T2, instead tDCSsham group got worse; considering the significant difference between groups at the baseline(p=.042). Moreover, performances in the phonemic fluency test revealed an improvement over time in both groups. Conclusions While the study is not yet complete, preliminary results suggest that the described rehabilitation protocol may have a beneficial effect on motor and cognitive symptoms in treated PD patients. Specifically, it appears to slow the evolution of the disease and reduce the negative impact of dual-task activities on walking deficits. Additionally, we observed an improvement in a secondary objective measure related to executive function.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
phd_unimib_889553.pdf
embargo fino al 16/02/2029
Licenza:
Tutti i diritti riservati
Dimensione
3.91 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
3.91 MB | Adobe PDF |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/358180
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-358180