This thesis examines global cocaine and heroin trafficking networks, with a focus on the determinants of drug flows and transhipment countries. Existing research on these determinants has been largely disciplinarily siloed, with a strong emphasis on classical interdiction-based risk. As a consequence, domestic and institutional opportunity structures—particularly in transhipment countries—remain poorly understood in global-level analyses. To address this gap, the thesis applies social network analysis (SNA) to reconstruct global cocaine and heroin trafficking networks across three periods (2007–2009, 2010–2012, and 2013–2015). Multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure (MRQAP) models and pooled logistic regression analyses are then used to identify country-level attributes associated with trafficking flows and transhipment status. The findings challenge dominant assumptions. Trafficking flows and transhipment roles are not primarily associated with institutional weakness or state failure. States that are stable and well connected internationally frequently appear within trafficking flows and as central transhipment countries. The thesis argues for moving beyond the conventional source–transit–destination classification of the global drug supply chain, which obscures a more fluid and complex structure. It also questions traditional explanations of drug trafficking flows and transhipment countries, as interdiction risk proves non-consequential. Comparison across theoretical frameworks indicates that traffickers favour stable markets supported by effective institutions, even when these settings entail higher risks. These findings directly challenge the development-based assumption that higher levels of wealth are associated with fewer structural problems.
Questa tesi analizza le reti globali del traffico di cocaina ed eroina, concentrandosi in particolare sui fattori che determinano i flussi di droga e il ruolo dei Paesi di transhipment. La letteratura esistente su tali determinanti è rimasta finora disciplinarmente frammentata, con un’eccessiva enfasi sui rischi legati alle strategie classiche di interdizione. Di conseguenza, le opportunità di natura domestica e istituzionale – soprattutto per i Paesi di transhipment – risultano ancora poco comprese nelle analisi di scala globale. Per colmare questa lacuna, la tesi utilizza l’analisi delle reti sociali (Social Network Analysis, SNA) per ricostruire le reti globali del traffico di cocaina ed eroina in tre periodi distinti (2007–2009, 2010–2012 e 2013–2015). Successivamente, mediante analisi di multiple logistic regression quadratic assignment procedure (MRQAP) e regressioni logistiche aggregate (pooled logistic regression), vengono individuate le caratteristiche a livello nazionale associate sia ai flussi di traffico sia allo status di Paese di transhipment. I risultati mettono in discussione le narrazioni convenzionali, mostrando che i flussi di traffico e i ruoli di transhipment non sono prevalentemente legati alla debolezza istituzionale o al fallimento dello Stato. Al contrario, Stati stabili e fortemente connessi a livello globale emergono frequentemente nei flussi di traffico e come Paesi centrali di transhipment. La tesi conclude invitando i ricercatori ad abbandonare la tradizionale etichettatura della catena di approvvigionamento globale (fonte–transito–destinazione), poiché l’analisi rivela una realtà più complessa e fluida. Inoltre, suggerisce di superare le spiegazioni tradizionali dei flussi di traffico di droga e dei Paesi di transhipment, dato che il rischio di interdizione risulta non determinante. Il confronto tra diversi quadri teorici indica infatti che i trafficanti tendono a privilegiare mercati stabili, regolati da istituzioni solide, anche quando ciò comporta rischi più elevati. In questo senso, i risultati della tesi mettono in discussione in modo diretto lo stereotipo dello sviluppo nazionale secondo cui «più risorse economiche significano meno problemi».
WHY SOME AND NOT OTHERS? CHALLENGING TRADITIONAL NARRATIVES IN UNDERSTANDING DRUG TRAFFICKING FLOWS AND TRANSHIPMENT COUNTRIES
Screen, Phillip William
2026
Abstract
This thesis examines global cocaine and heroin trafficking networks, with a focus on the determinants of drug flows and transhipment countries. Existing research on these determinants has been largely disciplinarily siloed, with a strong emphasis on classical interdiction-based risk. As a consequence, domestic and institutional opportunity structures—particularly in transhipment countries—remain poorly understood in global-level analyses. To address this gap, the thesis applies social network analysis (SNA) to reconstruct global cocaine and heroin trafficking networks across three periods (2007–2009, 2010–2012, and 2013–2015). Multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure (MRQAP) models and pooled logistic regression analyses are then used to identify country-level attributes associated with trafficking flows and transhipment status. The findings challenge dominant assumptions. Trafficking flows and transhipment roles are not primarily associated with institutional weakness or state failure. States that are stable and well connected internationally frequently appear within trafficking flows and as central transhipment countries. The thesis argues for moving beyond the conventional source–transit–destination classification of the global drug supply chain, which obscures a more fluid and complex structure. It also questions traditional explanations of drug trafficking flows and transhipment countries, as interdiction risk proves non-consequential. Comparison across theoretical frameworks indicates that traffickers favour stable markets supported by effective institutions, even when these settings entail higher risks. These findings directly challenge the development-based assumption that higher levels of wealth are associated with fewer structural problems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/358255
URN:NBN:IT:UNICATT-358255