Monitoring bacterial community development within hydrocarbon-contaminated soils remains a major challenge in environmental geophysics. This thesis investigates the potential of Time-Lapse Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT4D) to detect weak bioelectrical signals under extreme environmental conditions characterized by very high diesel contamination (~100,000 ppm) and total absence of nutrient amendments. The main objective is to assess whether ERT4D can reveal resistivity variations caused by the limited survival and metabolic activity of hydrocarbon-tolerant bacteria without assisted bioremediation. A controlled laboratory experiment was carried out in a 140 L tank filled with a sand–gravel mixture containing a buried contaminated volume (15×8×4 cm). Two bacterial strains, Rhodococcus erythropolis (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), were inoculated on opposite sides of the polluted core to compare an active hydrocarbon-degrading species with an inactive control. Electrical measurements were acquired using a Syscal Pro Switch system and a custom Python-generated sequence of 6,500 optimized quadrupoles designed to maximize sensitivity within the contaminated zone (ΔR < 10 Ω, variation <10%). A total of 53 time steps over 73 days were recorded, accompanied by continuous temperature and humidity monitoring. Data were processed and inverted in ResIPy–R3t using 3D regularized inversion (RMS <1.6, 5–7 iterations). The relative resistivity variations (Δρ/ρ₀) revealed localized anomalies within the contaminated region, exhibiting oscillatory temporal behavior not attributable to temperature effects (r < 0.7). Statistical and multivariate analyses (PCA and RPCA) indicated two dominant modes: a low-frequency global trend and a sparse component of transient, spatially confined anomalies, consistent with intermittent metabolic cycles of R. erythropolis under diesel toxicity. These results demonstrate that even in nutrient-deprived, highly polluted environments, ERT4D can detect subtle electrical variations linked to microbial processes. The findings extend the applicability of time-lapse geoelectrical methods beyond enhanced bioremediation scenarios and provide a replicable framework combining optimized survey design, 4D inversion, and multivariate interpretation. The proposed approach enhances the sensitivity of geophysical monitoring to weak, biologically induced signals and opens new perspectives for non-invasive observation of microbial dynamics in contaminated or extreme subsurface systems.
Lo sviluppo e il monitoraggio di comunità batteriche in suoli contaminati da idrocarburi rappresentano una sfida chiave della geofisica ambientale. Questa tesi esplora la capacità della Tomografia di Resistività Elettrica Time-Lapse (ERT4D) di rilevare segnali elettrici deboli associati ad attività microbiche in condizioni ambientali estreme, caratterizzate da un’elevata contaminazione da gasolio (~100.000 ppm) e assenza totale di nutrienti aggiunti. L’obiettivo è valutare se l’ERT4D possa individuare variazioni di resistività dovute alla sopravvivenza e all’attività limitata di comunità batteriche autoctone, senza il supporto di interventi di biorisanamento assistito. Un esperimento controllato in laboratorio è stato condotto in un box di 140 L contenente una matrice sabbiosa-ghiainoide con un volume contaminato sepolto (15×8×4 cm). Due ceppi batterici, Rhodococcus erythropolis (Gram+) e Escherichia coli (Gram–), sono stati inoculati in posizioni opposte sopra la zona inquinata per confrontare l’attività di un batterio idrocarburotollerante con quella di un ceppo di controllo inattivo. Le misure ERT sono state effettuate con un sistema Syscal Pro e una sequenza di 6.500 quadrupoli ottimizzati mediante script Python per massimizzare la sensibilità nel nucleo contaminato (ΔR < 10 Ω, variazione <10%). Sono stati acquisiti 53 time step in 73 giorni, con monitoraggio continuo di temperatura e umidità (sensori HOBO). L’elaborazione dei dati è stata eseguita in ResIPy–R3t, con inversione 3D regolarizzata (RMS <1.6, 5–7 iterazioni). Le variazioni relative di resistività (Δρ/ρ₀) mostrano anomalie localizzate nel volume contaminato, con oscillazioni coerenti nel tempo non riconducibili a effetti termici (correlazione temperatura–resistività <0.7). L’analisi statistica e multivariata (PCA e RPCA) evidenzia due componenti principali: una tendenza di fondo stabile e un insieme di anomalie transitorie e spazialmente limitate, interpretate come risposta elettrica a cicli metabolici intermittenti di R. erythropolis. I risultati dimostrano che, anche in assenza di nutrienti, è possibile rilevare variazioni elettriche deboli ma sistematiche attribuibili a processi microbici, estendendo così l’applicabilità dell’ERT4D a scenari di contaminazione non trattata. La metodologia proposta — combinazione di sequenze ottimizzate, inversione 4D e analisi multivariata — costituisce un modello replicabile per il monitoraggio geofisico di bioprocessi in suoli estremi e fornisce nuove prospettive per la caratterizzazione non invasiva di ecosistemi microbici in ambienti contaminati.
Time-Lapse Electrical Tomography for Monitoring Bacterial Community Development on a Buried Polluted Soil Volume in Extreme Environmental Conditions
CANIATTI, GIACOMO UPENDO
2026
Abstract
Monitoring bacterial community development within hydrocarbon-contaminated soils remains a major challenge in environmental geophysics. This thesis investigates the potential of Time-Lapse Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT4D) to detect weak bioelectrical signals under extreme environmental conditions characterized by very high diesel contamination (~100,000 ppm) and total absence of nutrient amendments. The main objective is to assess whether ERT4D can reveal resistivity variations caused by the limited survival and metabolic activity of hydrocarbon-tolerant bacteria without assisted bioremediation. A controlled laboratory experiment was carried out in a 140 L tank filled with a sand–gravel mixture containing a buried contaminated volume (15×8×4 cm). Two bacterial strains, Rhodococcus erythropolis (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), were inoculated on opposite sides of the polluted core to compare an active hydrocarbon-degrading species with an inactive control. Electrical measurements were acquired using a Syscal Pro Switch system and a custom Python-generated sequence of 6,500 optimized quadrupoles designed to maximize sensitivity within the contaminated zone (ΔR < 10 Ω, variation <10%). A total of 53 time steps over 73 days were recorded, accompanied by continuous temperature and humidity monitoring. Data were processed and inverted in ResIPy–R3t using 3D regularized inversion (RMS <1.6, 5–7 iterations). The relative resistivity variations (Δρ/ρ₀) revealed localized anomalies within the contaminated region, exhibiting oscillatory temporal behavior not attributable to temperature effects (r < 0.7). Statistical and multivariate analyses (PCA and RPCA) indicated two dominant modes: a low-frequency global trend and a sparse component of transient, spatially confined anomalies, consistent with intermittent metabolic cycles of R. erythropolis under diesel toxicity. These results demonstrate that even in nutrient-deprived, highly polluted environments, ERT4D can detect subtle electrical variations linked to microbial processes. The findings extend the applicability of time-lapse geoelectrical methods beyond enhanced bioremediation scenarios and provide a replicable framework combining optimized survey design, 4D inversion, and multivariate interpretation. The proposed approach enhances the sensitivity of geophysical monitoring to weak, biologically induced signals and opens new perspectives for non-invasive observation of microbial dynamics in contaminated or extreme subsurface systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/358529
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-358529