This dissertation investigates the neurobiological bases of sensory-motor and cognitive integration. Using event-related potential (ERP), it explores how preparatory/anticipatory, perceptive-evaluative and decision-making brain activity is modulated by motor complexity and by the concurrent performance of cognitive–motor dual tasks during real or simulated locomotion. Indeed, cognitive and motor processes are strongly interconnected and mutually interacting. As a result, neural resources are allocated in a functional and dynamic manner in relation to the specific task demands. This phenomenon is particularly evident within the context of a cognitive-motor dual-task paradigm, in which cognitive and motor resources can reciprocally modulate their activation according to different models of interaction. The predominant model is determined, in fact, by the type and the level of complexity of each of the two tasks. Four experimental studies form the core of this research. The first examines the modulation of preparatory brain activity as a function of action complexity, revealing distinct temporal and cortical patterns across simple, reaching, and stepping movements. Specifically, as the complexity of the movement increases, understood as the number of joints involved, the processing shifts toward increasingly posterior areas, which are involved in sensory integration and in the construction of the action space. This suggests an optimal mechanism of neural anticipation that selectively prepares the networks most suited to the nature of the upcoming movement. The second study investigates the cognitive-motor trade-off associated with increasing motor demands, showing that as movement complexity grows, early perceptual and attentional components are enhanced while later cognitive components are attenuated, supporting a “motor-priority” model. The third study focuses on anticipatory neural dynamics during locomotion, comparing standing and walking conditions with or without optic flow stimulation. Results demonstrate that walking enhances both motor and cognitive preparation, but the addition of optic flow introduces sensory competition that reduces accuracy and cognitive readiness. The fourth study analyzes post-stimulus components during the same conditions, highlighting how walking and optic flow reshape perceptual and decisional processing, reinforcing the concept of dynamic resource sharing between sensory, motor, and cognitive systems. Overall, the findings provide converging evidence that the brain flexibly reallocates neural resources according to task demands and environmental complexity. Walking and movement emerge not only as motor behaviors but as cognitive acts requiring predictive control and multisensory integration. The research advances understanding of how the human brain balances perception, cognition, and action in ecologically valid scenarios, offering new insights for neuroscience.
La presente dissertazione indaga le basi neurobiologiche dell’integrazione senso-motoria e cognitiva. Attraverso potenziali evento-correlati (ERP), la ricerca esplora come l’attività cerebrale preparatoria/anticipatoria, prcettivo-valutativa e decisionale venga modulata dalla complessità motoria e dall’esecuzione simultanea di compiti cognitivo-motori durante la locomozione reale o simulata. Infatti, i processi cognitivi e i processi motori risultano strettamente interconnessi e reciprocamente interagenti. Ne deriva che le risorse neurali vengono allocate in maniera funzionale e dinamica in relazione alle specifiche richieste del compito. Tale fenomeno risulta particolarmente evidente nel contesto di un paradigma di doppio compito cognitivo-motorio, in cui le risorse cognitive e motorie possono modulare reciprocamente la propria attivazione secondo differenti modelli di interazione. Il modello prevalente è determinato, appunto, dalla tipologia e dal livello di complessità di ciascuno dei due compiti. Quattro studi sperimentali costituiscono il nucleo del lavoro. Il primo analizza la modulazione dell’attività preparatoria in funzione della complessità dell’azione, rivelando pattern temporali e corticali distinti tra movimenti semplici, di raggiungimento e di passo. Nello specifico, all’aumentare della complessità del movimento, intesa come numero di giunzioni coinvolte, l’elaborazione si sposta verso aree sempre più posteriori, implicate nell’integrazione sensoriale e nella costruzione dello spazio d’azione. Questo suggerisce un meccanismo ottimale di anticipazione neurale che prepara selettivamente le reti più adatte alla natura del movimento imminente. Il secondo studio esamina il compromesso cognitivo-motorio legato all’aumento della complessità del movimento, mostrando che con l’incremento delle richieste motorie le componenti percettive e attentive precoci si potenziano, mentre quelle cognitive tardive si riducono, a sostegno di un modello di “priorità motoria”. Il terzo studio si concentra sulle dinamiche neurali anticipatorie durante la locomozione, confrontando condizioni di stazione eretta e cammino con o senza stimolazione visiva da optic flow. I risultati mostrano che il cammino amplifica la preparazione motoria e cognitiva, ma la presenza di flusso ottico introduce competizione sensoriale che riduce accuratezza e prontezza cognitiva. Il quarto studio analizza le componenti post-stimolo nelle stesse condizioni, evidenziando come il cammino e l’optic flow rimodellino l’elaborazione percettiva e decisionale, confermando la natura dinamica della condivisione di risorse tra sistemi sensoriali, motori e cognitivi. Complessivamente, i risultati dimostrano che il cervello rialloca in modo flessibile le risorse neurali in base alla complessità del compito e del contesto ambientale. Il movimento e il cammino emergono non solo come comportamenti motori, ma come atti cognitivi basati su controllo predittivo e integrazione multisensoriale. La ricerca contribuisce a comprendere come il cervello umano bilanci percezione, cognizione e azione in scenari ecologicamente validi, offrendo nuove prospettive per le neuroscienze.
Neurobiological bases of multimodal visuo-somatomotor interaction in human movement
DI BELLO, BIANCAMARIA
2026
Abstract
This dissertation investigates the neurobiological bases of sensory-motor and cognitive integration. Using event-related potential (ERP), it explores how preparatory/anticipatory, perceptive-evaluative and decision-making brain activity is modulated by motor complexity and by the concurrent performance of cognitive–motor dual tasks during real or simulated locomotion. Indeed, cognitive and motor processes are strongly interconnected and mutually interacting. As a result, neural resources are allocated in a functional and dynamic manner in relation to the specific task demands. This phenomenon is particularly evident within the context of a cognitive-motor dual-task paradigm, in which cognitive and motor resources can reciprocally modulate their activation according to different models of interaction. The predominant model is determined, in fact, by the type and the level of complexity of each of the two tasks. Four experimental studies form the core of this research. The first examines the modulation of preparatory brain activity as a function of action complexity, revealing distinct temporal and cortical patterns across simple, reaching, and stepping movements. Specifically, as the complexity of the movement increases, understood as the number of joints involved, the processing shifts toward increasingly posterior areas, which are involved in sensory integration and in the construction of the action space. This suggests an optimal mechanism of neural anticipation that selectively prepares the networks most suited to the nature of the upcoming movement. The second study investigates the cognitive-motor trade-off associated with increasing motor demands, showing that as movement complexity grows, early perceptual and attentional components are enhanced while later cognitive components are attenuated, supporting a “motor-priority” model. The third study focuses on anticipatory neural dynamics during locomotion, comparing standing and walking conditions with or without optic flow stimulation. Results demonstrate that walking enhances both motor and cognitive preparation, but the addition of optic flow introduces sensory competition that reduces accuracy and cognitive readiness. The fourth study analyzes post-stimulus components during the same conditions, highlighting how walking and optic flow reshape perceptual and decisional processing, reinforcing the concept of dynamic resource sharing between sensory, motor, and cognitive systems. Overall, the findings provide converging evidence that the brain flexibly reallocates neural resources according to task demands and environmental complexity. Walking and movement emerge not only as motor behaviors but as cognitive acts requiring predictive control and multisensory integration. The research advances understanding of how the human brain balances perception, cognition, and action in ecologically valid scenarios, offering new insights for neuroscience.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/358568
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA4-358568