The default is an unfailing element of the bankruptcy case, which punishes the entrepreneur only if declared bankrupt. This intimate connection determines an inevitable interaction between the bankruptcy and the criminal laws, the one defining the boundaries of the other's applications. The reference disciplines, both contained in the Bankruptcy Act of 1942, must therefore be equipped with internal consistency. Reforms of the original regulatory framework, however, have not gone hand in hand, proceeding, on the contrary, two-speed. In fact, while the rules of the bankruptcy proceedings were heavily modified, with a radical reversal of the guiding principles, the criminal law has remained largely insensitive to the work of modernization and liberalization, unless minimum and piecemeal reform measures. In particular, the adaptation of criminal law to the leading role now played by the solutions agreed in the business crisis was only partial, resulting in a tacit redefinition of the scope of criminal behaviour. Hence the need to achieve coordination through interpretation, in order to seek solutions as much as possible aligned to the economic reality underlying the legal framework. Is the very analysis of the firm crisis performed under an economic point of view which drives the conclusions reached as a result of the discussion. The notion of "state of crisis", a prerequisite for access to alternative procedures to failure, fits into that phase of the life cycle of a business defined in decline, while the "state of insolvency", a precondition for the declaration of bankruptcy, although falling in the concept of crisis side, is placed in its most acute phase, when the firm stucks in an irreversible disruption. The three procedures for negotiating settlement of the crisis - an arrangement with creditors, debt restructuring agreements, certificates of rehabilitation plans - are then activated in the presence of an economic situation itself, represented by the firm's decline. In this perspective, it appears devoid of justification the subjection, pursuant to art. 236 c. 2 l.f., of the solely conduct within the arrangement to the penalty provided for in the bankruptcy case under Articles. L.f. 223 and 224, on the basis of substantial equivalence between declared bankrupt and the decree of admission to the arrangement with creditors. Faced with a mere decline in business and even more so in a going concern, the occurrence of a massacre of the credit claims - danger criminally addressed - could never become current. Therefore, waiting for regulatory action, it should be taken a constitutionally oriented reading of art. 236 c. 2 l.f. that, having regard to the clear differences between the declaration of bankruptcy and the decree of admission to the arrangement with creditors, restrict the applicability of the criminal offense to cases where it is established, as a condition of access to the procedure, an effective insolvency.
Il fallimento costituisce elemento indefettibile delle fattispecie di bancarotta, che puniscono l'imprenditore solo "se dichiarato fallito". Tale intima connessione determina una inevitabile interazione tra la normativa fallimentare e quella penale, l'una definendo i confini applicativi dell'altra. Le discipline di riferimento, entrambe contenute nella Legge Fallimentare del 1942, devono dunque essere dotate di intrinseca coerenza. Gli interventi riformatori dell'originario impianto normativo, tuttavia, non sono andati di pari passo, procedendo, al contrario, a due velocità. Infatti, mentre la disciplina della procedura fallimentare è stata profondamente innovata, con un radicale ribaltamento dei principi informatori, quella penalistica è rimasta pressoché insensibile all'opera di modernizzazione e liberalizzazione, salvo minimi e frammentari interventi di riforma. In particolare, l'adeguamento della normativa penale al ruolo di primo piano oggi rivestito dalle soluzioni concordate della crisi di impresa è stato solo parziale, con una conseguente tacita ridefinizione del perimetro dei comportamenti penalmente rilevanti. Di qui la necessità di procedere ad un coordinamento in via interpretativa, volto a ricercare soluzioni il più possibile allineate alla realtà economica sottesa al dato giuridico. Proprio l'analisi in chiave economica del fenomeno della crisi di impresa orienta le conclusioni cui si perviene in esito alla trattazione. Il concetto di "stato di crisi", presupposto per l'accesso alle procedure alternative al fallimento, si inserisce in quella fase del ciclo di vita di un'impresa definita di declino, mentre lo "stato di insolvenza", presupposto per la dichiarazione di fallimento, pur rientrando nel lato concetto di crisi, si colloca nella sua fase più acuta, di dissesto irreversibile. Le tre procedure di composizione negoziale della crisi - concordato preventivo, accordi di ristrutturazione dei debiti, piani attestati di risanamento - sono allora attivabili in presenza di una medesima situazione economica, rappresentata dal declino dell'impresa. In quest'ottica, appare privo di giustificazione l'assoggettamento, ai sensi dell'art. 236 c. 2 l.f., delle sole condotte tenute in seno al concordato preventivo alla sanzione penale prevista dalle fattispecie di bancarotta di cui agli artt. 223 e 224 l.f., sulla scorta di una sostanziale equiparazione tra sentenza dichiarativa di fallimento e decreto di ammissione al concordato preventivo. A fronte di un mero declino imprenditoriale e vieppiù in un'ottica di continuità aziendale, l'evenienza di una falcidia delle ragioni creditorie - pericolo presidiato dalla sanzione penale - potrebbe non divenire mai attuale. Pertanto, nell'attesa di un intervento normativo, dovrebbe procedersi ad una lettura costituzionalmente orientata dell'art. 236 c. 2 l.f. che, avuto riguardo alla chiara diversità tra dichiarazione di fallimento e decreto di ammissione al concordato preventivo, restringa l'applicabilità della fattispecie penale ai soli casi in cui sia stato accertato, quale presupposto di accesso alla procedura, un effettivo stato di insolvenza.
Fattispecie di bancarotta e strumenti di composizione negoziale della crisi: riflessioni in tema di concordato preventivo
RONDINONE NICOLA
2017
Abstract
The default is an unfailing element of the bankruptcy case, which punishes the entrepreneur only if declared bankrupt. This intimate connection determines an inevitable interaction between the bankruptcy and the criminal laws, the one defining the boundaries of the other's applications. The reference disciplines, both contained in the Bankruptcy Act of 1942, must therefore be equipped with internal consistency. Reforms of the original regulatory framework, however, have not gone hand in hand, proceeding, on the contrary, two-speed. In fact, while the rules of the bankruptcy proceedings were heavily modified, with a radical reversal of the guiding principles, the criminal law has remained largely insensitive to the work of modernization and liberalization, unless minimum and piecemeal reform measures. In particular, the adaptation of criminal law to the leading role now played by the solutions agreed in the business crisis was only partial, resulting in a tacit redefinition of the scope of criminal behaviour. Hence the need to achieve coordination through interpretation, in order to seek solutions as much as possible aligned to the economic reality underlying the legal framework. Is the very analysis of the firm crisis performed under an economic point of view which drives the conclusions reached as a result of the discussion. The notion of "state of crisis", a prerequisite for access to alternative procedures to failure, fits into that phase of the life cycle of a business defined in decline, while the "state of insolvency", a precondition for the declaration of bankruptcy, although falling in the concept of crisis side, is placed in its most acute phase, when the firm stucks in an irreversible disruption. The three procedures for negotiating settlement of the crisis - an arrangement with creditors, debt restructuring agreements, certificates of rehabilitation plans - are then activated in the presence of an economic situation itself, represented by the firm's decline. In this perspective, it appears devoid of justification the subjection, pursuant to art. 236 c. 2 l.f., of the solely conduct within the arrangement to the penalty provided for in the bankruptcy case under Articles. L.f. 223 and 224, on the basis of substantial equivalence between declared bankrupt and the decree of admission to the arrangement with creditors. Faced with a mere decline in business and even more so in a going concern, the occurrence of a massacre of the credit claims - danger criminally addressed - could never become current. Therefore, waiting for regulatory action, it should be taken a constitutionally oriented reading of art. 236 c. 2 l.f. that, having regard to the clear differences between the declaration of bankruptcy and the decree of admission to the arrangement with creditors, restrict the applicability of the criminal offense to cases where it is established, as a condition of access to the procedure, an effective insolvency.I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/358751
URN:NBN:IT:LIUC-358751