Velocity-Based Training (VBT) is an objective autoregulation method widely adopted by both researchers and practitioners, consisting of measuring barbell movement velocity through electronic devices. This approach enables the adjustment of training intensity and volume while also serving as a valuable tool to monitor daily readiness and fatigue. In addition to these applications, velocity monitoring allows for the estimation of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) through the creation of load–velocity profiles. Nevertheless, such predictions are not always precise or reliable, particularly in the free weight back squat exercise. Although relatively inexpensive and fairly accurate devices are available, their use can be impractical in certain contexts, especially in team sports, where multiple athletes train simultaneously, requiring several devices at once. To overcome these limitations, recent research has explored the applicability of perception of velocity (PV) and perception of velocity loss (PVL) as a potential alternative. This subjective parameter enables practitioners to estimate barbell velocity even in the absence of measurement devices. Findings in this emerging field have shown that individuals are able to estimate both the velocity of single repetitions and the velocity loss within a set. Moreover, the development of reliable, low-cost technologies could greatly contribute to the wider implementation and practical usability of VBT. The present doctoral thesis is organized into two main sections. The first focuses on the reliability of several objective aspects of VBT, encompassing three studies. These works examined the accuracy of 1RM prediction in the back squat for both males and females using the minimum velocity threshold (MVT), evaluated the reliability of a newly developed low-cost device for monitoring barbell velocity, and investigated the effect of mental fatigue on VBT-based resistance training sessions, including potential sex-specific responses. Thanks to these studies, it has been possible to highlight that sex-specific differences, which are often under investigated in the literature, are crucial for the appropriate prescription of training, even when a velocity-based approach is employed The second part of the thesis aims to expand current knowledge on PV and PVL. Through a series of studies, several key aspects of these subjective measures were explored. The findings demonstrated that both PV and PVL are stable parameters, not only over time, since accuracy remained stable even four weeks after familiarization, but also under conditions of both physical and mental fatigue. Furthermore, a new exercise-specific PV scale for the bench press was developed and validated. Finally, a study addressing the mechanistic basis of PV investigated the role of visual input on accuracy, revealing that the absence of visual feedback increases error variability, particularly leading to greater underestimation of actual barbell velocity. Overall, the evidence gathered throughout this doctoral work supports the notion that PV and PVL are stable and reliable parameters for training prescription, especially when applied at higher loads (around 80% 1RM) and with velocity loss thresholds exceeding 20%.
L’allenamento basato sulla velocità (Velocity-Based Training, VBT) è un metodo oggettivo di autoregolazione ampiamente adottato da allenatori ed atleti, che consiste nella misurazione della velocità di spostamento del bilanciere mediante dispositivi elettronici. Questo approccio consente di regolare l’intensità e il volume dell’allenamento, rappresentando al contempo uno strumento utile per monitorare lo stato di prontezza e i livelli di affaticamento quotidiani. Oltre a queste applicazioni, il monitoraggio della velocità permette anche di stimare la one-repetition maximum (1RM) attraverso la costruzione di profili carico–velocità. Tuttavia, tali predizioni non sempre risultano precise o affidabili, in particolare nell’esercizio di back squat. Sebbene esistano disponibili dispositivi relativamente economici e sufficientemente accurati, il loro impiego può risultare poco pratico in determinati contesti, come negli sport di squadra, dove più atleti si allenano contemporaneamente, richiedendo l’uso simultaneo di numerosi dispositivi, alzando il costo necessario per prescrivere le sessioni con questa metodica. Per superare tali limitazioni, recenti studi hanno esplorato l’applicabilità della percezione della velocità (PV) e della percezione della perdita di velocità (PVL) come possibile alternativa. Questi parametri soggettivi permettono agli allenatori o agli atleti di stimare la velocità del bilanciere anche in assenza di strumenti di misurazione. Le evidenze emerse in questo nuovo ambito di ricerca hanno dimostrato che i soggetti sono in grado di stimare sia la velocità della singola ripetizione sia la perdita di velocità all’interno di una serie. Inoltre, lo sviluppo di tecnologie affidabili e a basso costo potrebbe contribuire in modo significativo a una più ampia diffusione e applicazione pratica del VBT. La presente tesi di dottorato è organizzata in due sezioni principali. La prima parte si concentra sulla valutazione dell’affidabilità di diversi aspetti oggettivi del VBT e comprende tre studi. Questi lavori hanno esaminato l’accuratezza della predizione dell’1RM nello squat per maschi e femmine mediante l’utilizzo della minimum velocity threshold (MVT), valutato l’affidabilità di un nuovo dispositivo a basso costo per il monitoraggio della velocità del bilanciere, e indagato l’effetto della fatica mentale su sessioni di allenamento prescritte secondo il VBT, analizzando anche le possibili differenze legate al sesso. La seconda parte della tesi mirava invece ad ampliare le conoscenze attuali sulla PV e sulla PVL. Attraverso una serie di studi, sono stati analizzati diversi aspetti fondamentali di questi parametri soggettivi. I risultati hanno mostrato che sia la PV che la PVL sono parametri stabili, non solo nel tempo, poiché i livelli di accuratezza risultano invariati anche dopo quattro settimane dalla fase di familiarizzazione, ma anche in condizioni di fatica fisica e mentale. Inoltre, è stata sviluppata e validata una nuova scala di percezione specifica per l’esercizio di panca piana. Infine, uno studio volto a indagare le basi meccanicistiche della PV ha esaminato il ruolo dell’input visivo sull’accuratezza, evidenziando che l’assenza di feedback visivo aumenta la variabilità dell’errore, portando in particolare a una maggiore sottostima della velocità reale di spostamento del bilanciere. Nel complesso, le evidenze raccolte nell’ambito di questo lavoro di dottorato supportano l’idea che la PV e la PVL rappresentino parametri stabili e affidabili per la prescrizione dell’allenamento, specialmente quando applicati a carichi elevati (circa l’80% dell’1RM) e con soglie di perdita di velocità pari e superiori al 20%VL.
Objective and Subjective Perspectives in Velocity-Based Training: From Measurement Accuracy to Perceptual and Fatigue Responses
DELLO STRITTO, EMANUELE
2026
Abstract
Velocity-Based Training (VBT) is an objective autoregulation method widely adopted by both researchers and practitioners, consisting of measuring barbell movement velocity through electronic devices. This approach enables the adjustment of training intensity and volume while also serving as a valuable tool to monitor daily readiness and fatigue. In addition to these applications, velocity monitoring allows for the estimation of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) through the creation of load–velocity profiles. Nevertheless, such predictions are not always precise or reliable, particularly in the free weight back squat exercise. Although relatively inexpensive and fairly accurate devices are available, their use can be impractical in certain contexts, especially in team sports, where multiple athletes train simultaneously, requiring several devices at once. To overcome these limitations, recent research has explored the applicability of perception of velocity (PV) and perception of velocity loss (PVL) as a potential alternative. This subjective parameter enables practitioners to estimate barbell velocity even in the absence of measurement devices. Findings in this emerging field have shown that individuals are able to estimate both the velocity of single repetitions and the velocity loss within a set. Moreover, the development of reliable, low-cost technologies could greatly contribute to the wider implementation and practical usability of VBT. The present doctoral thesis is organized into two main sections. The first focuses on the reliability of several objective aspects of VBT, encompassing three studies. These works examined the accuracy of 1RM prediction in the back squat for both males and females using the minimum velocity threshold (MVT), evaluated the reliability of a newly developed low-cost device for monitoring barbell velocity, and investigated the effect of mental fatigue on VBT-based resistance training sessions, including potential sex-specific responses. Thanks to these studies, it has been possible to highlight that sex-specific differences, which are often under investigated in the literature, are crucial for the appropriate prescription of training, even when a velocity-based approach is employed The second part of the thesis aims to expand current knowledge on PV and PVL. Through a series of studies, several key aspects of these subjective measures were explored. The findings demonstrated that both PV and PVL are stable parameters, not only over time, since accuracy remained stable even four weeks after familiarization, but also under conditions of both physical and mental fatigue. Furthermore, a new exercise-specific PV scale for the bench press was developed and validated. Finally, a study addressing the mechanistic basis of PV investigated the role of visual input on accuracy, revealing that the absence of visual feedback increases error variability, particularly leading to greater underestimation of actual barbell velocity. Overall, the evidence gathered throughout this doctoral work supports the notion that PV and PVL are stable and reliable parameters for training prescription, especially when applied at higher loads (around 80% 1RM) and with velocity loss thresholds exceeding 20%.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/359830
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA4-359830