The overall aim of the three studies presented in this PhD thesis was to enhance our understanding of age-related adaptations of the trunk extensor muscles, with a specific focus on endurance capacity, muscle force control (torque steadiness), and the potential underlying neuromuscular mechanisms by using high-density electromyography (HDsEMG). The first study (Chapter 2) examined whether the spatial distribution of lumbar erector spinae (LES) activity, assessed using HDsEMG, differs between younger and older individuals in the presence of muscle fatigue. The results demonstrated age-related differences in LES activity adaptations to fatigue, with older adults exhibiting a cranial shift in the centroid of muscle activity, unlike younger controls. This likely reflects a protective, yet less efficient, motor control strategy that is adopted with ageing, potentially contributing to the greater force fluctuations observed in older adults during the fatiguing task. The second study (Chapter 3) was a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating current evidence on how ageing influences spinal extensor muscle fatigue. The results of the meta-analysis revealed significantly reduced endurance time of the back extensor muscles during isometric tasks in older adults compared with younger controls. However, inconsistencies in EMG findings across studies limit the understanding of the neuromuscular mechanisms underlying this age-related decline. The third study (Chapter 4) examined force control of the trunk extensor muscles during isometric and isokinetic concentric contractions, focusing specifically on torque steadiness and HDsEMG-torque coherence. The results revealed that age-related impairments in torque steadiness were greater during isokinetic than isometric trunk extension contractions, especially at the lower intensity (25% of maximal voluntary contraction). In addition, distinct neuromuscular patterns were observed: older adults showed reduced HDsEMG-torque coherence magnitude during isokinetic contractions and an altered spatial distribution of coherence in the LES muscles during isometric tasks. Collectively, our findings suggest that these altered neuromuscular patterns may limit optimal force production in older adults.
L’obiettivo generale dei tre studi presentati in questa tesi di dottorato è stato quello di approfondire la comprensione degli adattamenti dei muscoli estensori del tronco durante l’invecchiamento, con particolare riferimento alla capacità di resistenza e al controllo della forza muscolare e ai potenziali meccanismi neuromuscolari sottostanti, mediante l’utilizzo dell’elettromiografia ad alta densità (HDsEMG). Il primo studio (Capitolo 2) ha esaminato se la distribuzione spaziale dell’attività del muscolo erettore spinale lombare (lumbar erector spinae, LES), valutata tramite HDsEMG, differisse tra soggetti giovani e anziani in presenza di fatica muscolare. I risultati hanno evidenziato differenze tra i due gruppi negli adattamenti dell’attività del LES in risposta alla fatica. In particolare, i soggetti anziani hanno mostrato uno spostamento in direzione craniale del baricentro dell’attività muscolare, a differenza dei soggetti giovani. Questo fenomeno probabilmente riflette l’adozione, con l’invecchiamento, di una strategia di controllo motorio protettiva ma potenzialmente meno efficiente, che potrebbe aver contribuito alle maggiori fluttuazioni della forza osservate nei soggetti anziani durante il protocollo affaticante. Il secondo studio (Capitolo 3) consiste in una revisione sistematica della letteratura con meta-analisi, finalizzata a sintetizzare le evidenze disponibili riguardo l’influenza dell’invecchiamento sull’affaticamento dei muscoli estensori spinali. I risultati della meta-analisi hanno mostrato una riduzione significativa del tempo di resistenza dei muscoli estensori del tronco durante compiti isometrici nei soggetti anziani rispetto ai soggetti giovani. Tuttavia, la variabilità dei risultati elettromiografici tra gli studi inclusi limita la comprensione dei meccanismi neuromuscolari alla base di questo declino associato all’età. Il terzo studio (Capitolo 4) ha analizzato il controllo della forza dei muscoli estensori del tronco durante contrazioni isometriche e concentriche isocinetiche, con particolare attenzione alla torque steadiness e alla coerenza tra HDsEMG e torque generato. I risultati hanno evidenziato che i deficit nella torque steadiness associati all’età erano più marcati durante le contrazioni isocinetiche rispetto a quelle isometriche, soprattutto a bassa intensità (25% della contrazione volontaria massimale). Sono emersi inoltre pattern neuromuscolari distinti: i soggetti anziani hanno mostrato una riduzione dei valori di coerenza tra HDsEMG e torque durante le contrazioni isocinetiche e una distribuzione spaziale della coerenza alterata nei muscoli LES durante i compiti isometrici. Complessivamente, i risultati indicano che tali alterazioni potrebbero limitare la produzione ottimale di forza nei soggetti anziani.
Age-related changes in muscle fatigue and force control of the trunk extensor muscles
PARRELLA, MARTINA
2026
Abstract
The overall aim of the three studies presented in this PhD thesis was to enhance our understanding of age-related adaptations of the trunk extensor muscles, with a specific focus on endurance capacity, muscle force control (torque steadiness), and the potential underlying neuromuscular mechanisms by using high-density electromyography (HDsEMG). The first study (Chapter 2) examined whether the spatial distribution of lumbar erector spinae (LES) activity, assessed using HDsEMG, differs between younger and older individuals in the presence of muscle fatigue. The results demonstrated age-related differences in LES activity adaptations to fatigue, with older adults exhibiting a cranial shift in the centroid of muscle activity, unlike younger controls. This likely reflects a protective, yet less efficient, motor control strategy that is adopted with ageing, potentially contributing to the greater force fluctuations observed in older adults during the fatiguing task. The second study (Chapter 3) was a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating current evidence on how ageing influences spinal extensor muscle fatigue. The results of the meta-analysis revealed significantly reduced endurance time of the back extensor muscles during isometric tasks in older adults compared with younger controls. However, inconsistencies in EMG findings across studies limit the understanding of the neuromuscular mechanisms underlying this age-related decline. The third study (Chapter 4) examined force control of the trunk extensor muscles during isometric and isokinetic concentric contractions, focusing specifically on torque steadiness and HDsEMG-torque coherence. The results revealed that age-related impairments in torque steadiness were greater during isokinetic than isometric trunk extension contractions, especially at the lower intensity (25% of maximal voluntary contraction). In addition, distinct neuromuscular patterns were observed: older adults showed reduced HDsEMG-torque coherence magnitude during isokinetic contractions and an altered spatial distribution of coherence in the LES muscles during isometric tasks. Collectively, our findings suggest that these altered neuromuscular patterns may limit optimal force production in older adults.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
1. PhD thesis_final_Parrella.pdf
accesso aperto
Licenza:
Tutti i diritti riservati
Dimensione
3.44 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
3.44 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/359832
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA4-359832