The numerical simulation of multi-physics processes in thin, ramified structures embedded in three-dimensional domains represents a major computational challenge across several scientific fields. A noteworthy example is the electrical treeing, which is one of the main causes of degradation of insulating components in the electric system of power networks. Treeing is an inner defect of dielectric materials, characterized by thin, branched, gas–filled channels propagating because of partial discharges, caused by strong electric fields. High–fidelity models describing this phenomenon consist of the coupling of the electrostatic equations, defined in both the ramified gas and solid dielectric domains, and a system of equations modeling the density of different charged species in the tree. However, full three-dimensional simulations are computationally prohibitive due to the intricate geometry of the defect. This thesis develops a mixed-dimensional 3D–1D modeling framework for the electrical treeing, based on the approximation of the tree geometry as a one–dimensional graph embedded in a three–dimensional dielectric bulk. The resulting formulation couples a 3D–1D electrostatic problem with 1D advection–diffusion–reaction equations on the graph, solved with ad hoc tailored numerical methods. The electrostatic problem is addressed through Mixed Finite Element Methods in the three–dimensional domain and Finite Elements on the graph, while the charge density problem is solved via suitable Finite Volume discretizations with upwind fluxes and Two–Point Flux Approximation. Finally, Patankar–type schemes are employed to guarantee monotonicity and conservation of the charge densities. The present work introduces three main contributions. First, a dual–primal mixed–dimensional formulation of the mixed–dimensional electrostatic problem is derived, and its well-posedness is established. Second, a monotone Finite Volume scheme on 1D graphs is introduced for linear drift–diffusion equations, extending classical methods to bifurcating structures, which presents substantial topological differences compared to branched 3D domains. Third, a reduced one–dimensional model for the evolution of charges in the electrical treeing is proposed, accounting for transverse components of the electric field and chemical reactions. These developments are validated through test cases on simplified geometries, and subsequently applied to realistic electrical treeing structures. The results show that a reduction in computational cost is achieved by the reduced mixed-dimensional framework, while the essential physical features of the phenomenon are preserved. This enables the simulation of the electrical treeing in configurations where fully resolved 3D discretizations would be infeasible, providing a new method for the study of the degradation of insulators.
Le simulazioni numeriche di processi multi–fisica in strutture sottili e ramificate, immerse in domini tridimensionali, rappresentano una considerevole sfida computazionale in diversi campi della scienza. Un esempio degno di nota è il treeing elettrico, una delle principali cause di degradazione dei componenti isolanti dei sistemi elettrici nella rete elettrica. Si tratta di un difetto interno ai materiali dielettrici, caratterizzato da sottili canali ramificati contenenti gas, che propagano sotto l’effetto di scariche parziali dovute a forti campi elettrici. Modelli high–fidelity che descrivono questo fenomeno consistono nell’accoppiamento di equazioni dell’elettrostatica, definite sia nel dominio gassoso ramificato sia nel volume dielettrico solido, con un sistema di equazioni che modellano la densità di diverse specie cariche nel treeing. Tuttavia, simulazioni interamente tridimensionali sono computazionalmente proibitive a causa della geometria intricata del difetto. Questa tesi sviluppa un approccio di modellazione misto–dimensionale 3D-1D del treeing elettrico, basato sull’approssimazione della geometria ad albero con un grafo unidimensionale immerso in un volume dielettrico tridimensionale. La formulazione risultante accoppia un problema elettrostatico 3D-1D con equazioni di trasporto–diffusione–reazione 1D sul grafo, risolte con metodi numerici adattati ad hoc. Il problema elettrostatico è affrontato con Metodi agli Elementi Finiti Misti nel dominio tridimensionale ed Elementi Finiti sul grafo, mentre il sistema di equazioni che descrive il movimento delle cariche è risolto con un’adeguata discretizzazione ai Volumi Finiti con flussi upwind e Two–Point Flux Approximation. Infine, schemi di tipo Patankar sono utilizzati per garantire la monotonicità e conservazione delle densità di carica. Questo lavoro introduce tre principali contributi. Il primo è la derivazione di una formulazione misto–dimensionale duale–primale del problema elettrostatico, e la dimostrazione della sua buona posizione. Il secondo è l’introduzione di uno schema ai Volumi Finiti su grafi unidimensionali per equazioni di diffusione–trasporto lineari, estendendo i metodi classici a strutture biforcate, che presentano sostanziali differenze topologiche rispetto ai domini 3D ramificati. Il terzo è la presentazione di un modello ridotto unidimensionale per l’evoluzione delle cariche nel treeing elettrico, tenendo conto delle componenti trasversali del campo elettrico nel gas e delle reazioni chimiche. Questi sviluppi sono validati con casi test su geometrie semplificate e successivamente applicati a geometrie realistiche di tree elettrici. I risultati dimostrano che l’approccio misto–dimensionale garantisce una notevole riduzione nel costo computazionale, preservando le proprietà fisiche essenziali del fenomeno. Questo permette la simulazione di treeing elettrici in configurazioni dove discretizzazioni interamente tridimensionali sarebbero infattibili, offrendo un nuovo strumento per lo studio della degradazione di isolanti.
A mixed-dimensional model of the electrical treeing
Beatrice, Crippa
2026
Abstract
The numerical simulation of multi-physics processes in thin, ramified structures embedded in three-dimensional domains represents a major computational challenge across several scientific fields. A noteworthy example is the electrical treeing, which is one of the main causes of degradation of insulating components in the electric system of power networks. Treeing is an inner defect of dielectric materials, characterized by thin, branched, gas–filled channels propagating because of partial discharges, caused by strong electric fields. High–fidelity models describing this phenomenon consist of the coupling of the electrostatic equations, defined in both the ramified gas and solid dielectric domains, and a system of equations modeling the density of different charged species in the tree. However, full three-dimensional simulations are computationally prohibitive due to the intricate geometry of the defect. This thesis develops a mixed-dimensional 3D–1D modeling framework for the electrical treeing, based on the approximation of the tree geometry as a one–dimensional graph embedded in a three–dimensional dielectric bulk. The resulting formulation couples a 3D–1D electrostatic problem with 1D advection–diffusion–reaction equations on the graph, solved with ad hoc tailored numerical methods. The electrostatic problem is addressed through Mixed Finite Element Methods in the three–dimensional domain and Finite Elements on the graph, while the charge density problem is solved via suitable Finite Volume discretizations with upwind fluxes and Two–Point Flux Approximation. Finally, Patankar–type schemes are employed to guarantee monotonicity and conservation of the charge densities. The present work introduces three main contributions. First, a dual–primal mixed–dimensional formulation of the mixed–dimensional electrostatic problem is derived, and its well-posedness is established. Second, a monotone Finite Volume scheme on 1D graphs is introduced for linear drift–diffusion equations, extending classical methods to bifurcating structures, which presents substantial topological differences compared to branched 3D domains. Third, a reduced one–dimensional model for the evolution of charges in the electrical treeing is proposed, accounting for transverse components of the electric field and chemical reactions. These developments are validated through test cases on simplified geometries, and subsequently applied to realistic electrical treeing structures. The results show that a reduction in computational cost is achieved by the reduced mixed-dimensional framework, while the essential physical features of the phenomenon are preserved. This enables the simulation of the electrical treeing in configurations where fully resolved 3D discretizations would be infeasible, providing a new method for the study of the degradation of insulators.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/360585
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-360585