The research focuses on the central role of the Plan for architecture, a primordial and equally futuristic drawing, a creative tool for the architect’s work. Technically an abstract projection of the building on a horizontal plane, the Plan is also the invention of the architect, it is the visual translation of the architect’s idea of space; the Plan is the space itself. On the other hand, the research investigates the domestic imaginary, which has always been fundamental in the definition of cultures and societies, and rather it may be true what Viollet-le- Duc affirms in his Dictionnaire – that «the order of the house and its distribution changes in a very long time» – it is equally easy to assume how the history of human beings has been crossed by several moments of transition regarding the way and the form of living. These moments were, in opposition, marked by an impressive fastness in the definition of a change in design, that in some cases actually disintegrated an architectural tradition undiscussed until that moment, and moreover, a change that still has an impact on today’s contemporary forms of living. It happens that we still live into that domestic ideas of space acquired throughout the 19th century, and that we, today, take a very long time to distance from themselves, and to replace them with something new, but as comfortable and practical. Coming back to the Plan, the thesis frames the conditions around which a new domestic model has flourished in England, between the two centuries, such as a reflection of the desires and the ambitions of a new rising middle-class, and how the Plan became the leading factor for the flourishing of the so-called Free English Architecture, through the dismantling of the most canonical principles of composition considered till that time, especially in the configuration of a new country house domestic model. An emblematic case, like very few before, concerns the quantity and quality of the Plan experimentations conducted by the best known Arts and Crafts architects, by their pupils, and by all those architecture students, aspiring architects, seduced by the greatness of that new virtuosity for the plan and its surprising freedom, testifying the intensity of a Movement with no way back possibility. The research outlines how actually in the specific moment the Plan was freed from the inflexibility of pre-codified design rules, it was indeed Architecture itself to become free and open to the creative process, and how the trends acquired by the Free English architects became quickly much more than local fashions, but rather they were universally acclaimed, copied and reinterpreted, enhancing what one could actually call a Movement for the architectural Plan. In synthesis, the research conjugates a dual approach: the critical-theoretical investigation, whose premises lie on the sound awareness of the history of architecture, and a pragmatical approach based on the intense study and the government of the floor plan, in terms of technical, but overall creative design tool, in order to understand the expressive potential of this specific drawing for the architectural project, both in the past epochs and in the most recent times. History of architecture reveals itself as an eternal valuable source of knowledge, equally essential to think at the contemporary expression of architecture, and the perfectly functional case of the birth and spread, in the 19th century, of a new English Free Plan, applied to the middle-class country house, represents the uncontested cohesion between Architecture and the human needs and desires, and, once for all it shows the path, and a possibility for Architecture, to preserve and to keep free its creative and artistic character, from constraints or restrictions that do not belong to the architectural project and its own rules.
La ricerca si concentra sul ruolo centrale del Pianta nell'architettura, un disegno primordiale e al tempo stesso futuristico, uno strumento creativo per il lavoro dell'architetto. Tecnicamente una proiezione astratta dell'edificio su un piano orizzontale, la Pianta è anche l'invenzione dell'architetto, è la traduzione visiva dell'idea di spazio dell'architetto; la Pianta è lo spazio stesso. D'altra parte, la ricerca indaga l'immaginario domestico, che è sempre stato fondamentale nella definizione delle culture e delle società, e se può considerarsi vero ciò che Viollet-le-Duc afferma nel suo Dictionnaire - che «l'ordine della casa e la sua distribuzione cambiano in un tempo molto lungo» - è altrettanto facile supporre come la storia degli esseri umani sia stata attraversata da diversi momenti di transizione per quanto riguarda il modo e la forma di vivere. Questi momenti sono stati invece caratterizzati da una rapidità impressionante nella definizione di un cambiamento nel progetto, che in alcuni casi ha effettivamente disintegrato una tradizione architettonica fino ad allora indiscussa, cambiamenti che hanno tuttora un impatto sulle forme di vita contemporanee. Accade infatti che viviamo ancora secondo quelle idee domestiche di spazio acquisite nel corso del XIX secolo e dalle quali, oggi, fatichiamo ad allontanarci - se non in un 'tempo molto lungo' - per sostituirle con qualcosa di nuovo, ma altrettanto confortevole e pratico. Tornando alla Pianta, la tesi inquadra le condizioni intorno alle quali un nuovo modello domestico è fiorito in Inghilterra, tra i due secoli, come riflesso dei desideri e delle ambizioni di una nuova classe media emergente, e come proprio la Pianta sia diventata il fattore determinante per il fiorire della cosiddetta Free English Architecture, attraverso lo smantellamento dei principi compositivi più canonici considerati fino a quel momento, soprattutto nella configurazione di un nuovo modello domestico di casa di campagna. Un caso emblematico, come pochi altri prima, riguarda la quantità e la qualità delle sperimentazioni progettuali condotte dai più noti architetti Arts and Crafts, dai loro allievi e da tutti quegli studenti di architettura, aspiranti architetti, sedotti dalla grandezza di quel nuovo virtuosismo per la Pianta domestica e dalla sua sorprendente libertà, a testimonianza dell'intensità di un Movimento senza possibilità di ritorno. La ricerca evidenzia come, nel momento specifico in cui la Pianta è liberata dall'inflessibilità delle regole di progettazione pre-codificate, sia stata proprio l'architettura stessa a diventare libera e aperta al processo creativo, e come le tendenze acquisite dai Free English architects siano diventate rapidamente molto più che mode locali, ma siano state piuttosto acclamate, copiate e reinterpretate universalmente, valorizzando quello che si potrebbe effettivamente definire un Movimento per la Pianta architettonica. In sintesi, la ricerca coniuga un duplice approccio: l'indagine critico-teorica, le cui premesse si fondano su una solida conoscenza della storia dell'architettura, e l'approccio pragmatico basato sullo studio approfondito e sulla padronanza della pianta, intesa come strumento tecnico, ma soprattutto creativo, al fine di comprendere il potenziale espressivo di questo specifico disegno per il progetto architettonico, sia nelle epoche passate che in quelle più recenti. La storia dell'architettura si rivela una fonte di conoscenza eternamente preziosa, altrettanto essenziale per riflettere sull'espressione contemporanea dell'architettura, e il caso perfettamente funzionale della nascita e diffusione, nel XIX secolo, di una nuova English Free Plan, applicata alla casa di campagna della classe borghese, rappresenta l'indiscussa coesione tra l'Architettura e i bisogni e i desideri umani e, una volta per tutte, mostra la strada, e una possibilità per l'architettura di preservare e mantenere libero il suo carattere creativo e artistico da vincoli o restrizioni che non appartengano al progetto architettonico e alle sue regole.
On domestic plans or how architecture became free
Carla, Rizzo
2026
Abstract
The research focuses on the central role of the Plan for architecture, a primordial and equally futuristic drawing, a creative tool for the architect’s work. Technically an abstract projection of the building on a horizontal plane, the Plan is also the invention of the architect, it is the visual translation of the architect’s idea of space; the Plan is the space itself. On the other hand, the research investigates the domestic imaginary, which has always been fundamental in the definition of cultures and societies, and rather it may be true what Viollet-le- Duc affirms in his Dictionnaire – that «the order of the house and its distribution changes in a very long time» – it is equally easy to assume how the history of human beings has been crossed by several moments of transition regarding the way and the form of living. These moments were, in opposition, marked by an impressive fastness in the definition of a change in design, that in some cases actually disintegrated an architectural tradition undiscussed until that moment, and moreover, a change that still has an impact on today’s contemporary forms of living. It happens that we still live into that domestic ideas of space acquired throughout the 19th century, and that we, today, take a very long time to distance from themselves, and to replace them with something new, but as comfortable and practical. Coming back to the Plan, the thesis frames the conditions around which a new domestic model has flourished in England, between the two centuries, such as a reflection of the desires and the ambitions of a new rising middle-class, and how the Plan became the leading factor for the flourishing of the so-called Free English Architecture, through the dismantling of the most canonical principles of composition considered till that time, especially in the configuration of a new country house domestic model. An emblematic case, like very few before, concerns the quantity and quality of the Plan experimentations conducted by the best known Arts and Crafts architects, by their pupils, and by all those architecture students, aspiring architects, seduced by the greatness of that new virtuosity for the plan and its surprising freedom, testifying the intensity of a Movement with no way back possibility. The research outlines how actually in the specific moment the Plan was freed from the inflexibility of pre-codified design rules, it was indeed Architecture itself to become free and open to the creative process, and how the trends acquired by the Free English architects became quickly much more than local fashions, but rather they were universally acclaimed, copied and reinterpreted, enhancing what one could actually call a Movement for the architectural Plan. In synthesis, the research conjugates a dual approach: the critical-theoretical investigation, whose premises lie on the sound awareness of the history of architecture, and a pragmatical approach based on the intense study and the government of the floor plan, in terms of technical, but overall creative design tool, in order to understand the expressive potential of this specific drawing for the architectural project, both in the past epochs and in the most recent times. History of architecture reveals itself as an eternal valuable source of knowledge, equally essential to think at the contemporary expression of architecture, and the perfectly functional case of the birth and spread, in the 19th century, of a new English Free Plan, applied to the middle-class country house, represents the uncontested cohesion between Architecture and the human needs and desires, and, once for all it shows the path, and a possibility for Architecture, to preserve and to keep free its creative and artistic character, from constraints or restrictions that do not belong to the architectural project and its own rules.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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00-On Domestic Plans-Critical Abstract.pdf
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01-On Domestic Plans-Thesis-Full Text.pdf
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02a-On Domestic Plans-Annexes-Plates of Drawings.pdf
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02b-On Domestic Plans-Annexes-Sheets to Plates.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/360588
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-360588