This doctoral thesis focuses on the design, synthesis and characterization of novel push-pull chromophores tailored for two advanced applications: cell imaging and organic photovoltaic (OPV). Unified by the strategic integration of donor-acceptor groups into the molecular architectures under investigation, the research is structured into two chapters, each tackling a specific scientific challenge. The first chapter explores the field of molecular biology, where push-pull chromophores are employed as organic fluorescent probes – indispensable tools for bioimaging, disease diagnostics, and cancer therapeutics. Particular attention was given to the established role of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) as a tumor-associated biomarker in ovarian cancer (OC), thereby offering a promising strategy for the detection and cytoreduction surgery of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). To support this approach, a series of imidazopyridine derivatives, characterized by an imidazole ring fused with a pyridine moiety, were synthesized and biologically evaluated. These compounds have recently emerged as promising candidates with potential therapeutic relevance due to their broad-spectrum biological activity and ability to inhibit protein kinase B, a key signalling mediator involved in cell proliferation, survival, and inflammatory stress response. Following the examination of push-pull chromophores in molecular biology applications presented in the first chapter, the second chapter proceeds to assess the potential of OPV to offer a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional solar cells due to their higher power conversion efficiency at low-cost and flexible processing. Particular attention was given to the possibility of coupling novel p-Azaquinodimethane (pAQM) derivatives with a low bandgap material in OPVs. These compounds undergo to Singlet fission (SF), a photophysical process capable of doubling charge carrier generation per absorbed photon, thereby offering a pathway to surpass the Shockley-Queisser limit. To support this approach, a green and economically scalable synthetic protocol was developed, and the SF behaviour of the newly synthesized compounds was experimentally probed in solution and thin film using advanced state-of-the-art spectroscopies. Through interdisciplinary collaboration and rigorous experimental validation, this research project thus aims to demonstrate the versatility of push-pull chromophores in advanced fields of organic chemistry, highlighting their indispensable role in molecular diagnostics and sustainable technologies.
Questa tesi di dottorato si concentra sulla progettazione, sintesi e caratterizzazione di nuovi cromofori push-pull, sviluppati per due applicazioni avanzate: l’imaging cellulare e il fotovoltaico organico (OPV). Unificate dall’integrazione strategica di gruppi donatori-accettori nelle architetture molecolari oggetto di studio, le ricerche sono articolate in due capitoli, ciascuno dedicato a una specifica sfida scientifica. Il primo capitolo esplora l’ambito della biologia molecolare, dove i cromofori push-pull vengono impiegati come sonde fluorescenti organiche – strumenti indispensabili per il bioimaging, la diagnostica delle malattie e le terapie oncologiche. Particolare attenzione è stata rivolta al ruolo consolidato della cicloossigenasi-1 (COX-1) come biomarcatore tumorale nel carcinoma ovarico (OC), offrendo così una strategia promettente per la rilevazione e la chirurgia di citoreduzione del carcinoma ovarico epiteliale (EOC). A supporto di questo approccio, è stata sintetizzata e valutata biologicamente una serie di derivati dell’imidazopiridina, caratterizzati da un anello imidazolico fuso con una porzione piridinica. Questi composti sono recentemente emersi come candidati promettenti con potenziale rilevanza terapeutica, grazie alla loro attività biologica ad ampio spettro e alla capacità di inibire la proteina chinasi B, un mediatore chiave del segnalamento coinvolto nella proliferazione cellulare, nella sopravvivenza e nella risposta allo stress infiammatorio. Dopo l’analisi dei cromofori push-pull nelle applicazioni di biologia molecolare presentata nel primo capitolo, il secondo capitolo valuta il potenziale degli OPV come alternativa sostenibile ed ecocompatibile alle celle solari tradizionali, grazie alla maggiore efficienza di conversione energetica, ai bassi costi e alla lavorazione flessibile. Particolare attenzione è stata dedicata alla possibilità di accoppiare nuovi derivati della p-Azaquinodimetano (pAQM) con materiali a basso bandgap negli OPV. Questi composti sono soggetti a singlet fission (SF), un processo foto-fisico capace di raddoppiare la generazione di portatori di carica per fotone assorbito, offrendo così una via per superare il limite di Shockley-Queisser. A supporto di questo approccio, è stato sviluppato un protocollo sintetico verde ed economicamente scalabile, e il comportamento SF dei nuovi composti sintetizzati è stato sperimentalmente indagato in soluzione e in film sottile mediante tecniche spettroscopiche avanzate di ultima generazione. Grazie alla collaborazione interdisciplinare e a una rigorosa validazione sperimentale, questo progetto di ricerca mira, dunque, a dimostrare la versatilità dei cromofori push-pull in campi avanzati della chimica organica, evidenziando il loro ruolo indispensabile nella diagnostica molecolare e nelle tecnologie sostenibili.
Design and synthesis of Push-pull chromophores for cell imaging and OPV devices [Progettazione e sintesi di cromofori Push-pull per l'imaging cellulare e i dispositivi OPV]
MUNZONE, CRISTINA
2026
Abstract
This doctoral thesis focuses on the design, synthesis and characterization of novel push-pull chromophores tailored for two advanced applications: cell imaging and organic photovoltaic (OPV). Unified by the strategic integration of donor-acceptor groups into the molecular architectures under investigation, the research is structured into two chapters, each tackling a specific scientific challenge. The first chapter explores the field of molecular biology, where push-pull chromophores are employed as organic fluorescent probes – indispensable tools for bioimaging, disease diagnostics, and cancer therapeutics. Particular attention was given to the established role of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) as a tumor-associated biomarker in ovarian cancer (OC), thereby offering a promising strategy for the detection and cytoreduction surgery of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). To support this approach, a series of imidazopyridine derivatives, characterized by an imidazole ring fused with a pyridine moiety, were synthesized and biologically evaluated. These compounds have recently emerged as promising candidates with potential therapeutic relevance due to their broad-spectrum biological activity and ability to inhibit protein kinase B, a key signalling mediator involved in cell proliferation, survival, and inflammatory stress response. Following the examination of push-pull chromophores in molecular biology applications presented in the first chapter, the second chapter proceeds to assess the potential of OPV to offer a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional solar cells due to their higher power conversion efficiency at low-cost and flexible processing. Particular attention was given to the possibility of coupling novel p-Azaquinodimethane (pAQM) derivatives with a low bandgap material in OPVs. These compounds undergo to Singlet fission (SF), a photophysical process capable of doubling charge carrier generation per absorbed photon, thereby offering a pathway to surpass the Shockley-Queisser limit. To support this approach, a green and economically scalable synthetic protocol was developed, and the SF behaviour of the newly synthesized compounds was experimentally probed in solution and thin film using advanced state-of-the-art spectroscopies. Through interdisciplinary collaboration and rigorous experimental validation, this research project thus aims to demonstrate the versatility of push-pull chromophores in advanced fields of organic chemistry, highlighting their indispensable role in molecular diagnostics and sustainable technologies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/360641
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-360641