The aim of this PhD thesis is to investigate the applicability and development of the lunar photometry technique for measuring aerosol properties in Polar Regions. Photometry is a passive remote sensing method that quantifies the attenuation of radiation as it passes through the atmosphere due to the presence of particles. This technique provides key parameters such as Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and the Ångström exponent (α). Photometric measurements rely on the Lambert-Beer law, using the Sun as a stable light source. However, in Polar Regions, solar radiation is absent for several months during the polar night, resulting in significant gaps in AOD climatologies. To address this limitation, this research explores the potential of lunar photometry—using the Moon as an alternative light source—to enable AOD measurements during periods of extended darkness. Lunar photometry presents both opportunities and challenges. While it allows observations during the polar night, the Moon's brightness is not constant; it varies with lunar phase, libration, and is often affected by cloud cover, which is particularly prevalent in Polar Regions. To assess the feasibility of this approach, moon-photometric measurements were conducted at two high-latitude stations—Ny-Ålesund (Norway) and Barrow (USA)—during the winter months. Data were collected using two modified Sun photometers, and results were compared with those from a star photometer and a sun-sky-lunar CIMEL instrument. The findings demonstrate the reliability of lunar photometry for retrieving AOD and α in high-latitude environments. Building on these promising results, the project was expanded to include a broader dataset, incorporating solar, lunar, and stellar photometric measurements from 15 Arctic and 11 Antarctic permanent stations. This allowed for the construction of extended climatologies and the analysis of aerosol properties across both Poles. This thesis demonstrates that lunar photometry is a reliable and valuable technique for aerosol monitoring in Polar Regions, especially during periods when traditional solar photometry is not possible. It also highlights characteristic patterns in AOD and Ångström exponent during transitions from daylight to darkness and throughout the polar night, contributing to a more complete understanding of aerosol behavior in these remote environments.
L’obiettivo di questa tesi di dottorato è investigare l’applicabilità e lo sviluppo della tecnica della fotometria lunare per la misura delle proprietà degli aerosol nelle regioni polari. La fotometria è un metodo di telerilevamento passivo che quantifica l’attenuazione della radiazione mentre attraversa l’atmosfera a causa della presenza di particelle. Questa tecnica fornisce parametri chiave come lo Spessore Ottico degli Aerosol (AOD) e l’esponente di Ångström (α). Le misure fotometriche si basano sulla legge di Lambert-Beer, utilizzando il Sole come sorgente luminosa stabile. Tuttavia, nelle regioni polari, la radiazione solare è assente per diversi mesi durante la notte polare, causando significative lacune nelle climatologie dell’AOD. Per superare questa limitazione, questa ricerca esplora il potenziale della fotometria lunare — che utilizza la Luna come sorgente luminosa alternativa — nella misurazione dell’AOD durante i periodi di oscurità prolungata. Questa tecnica presenta sia opportunità che nuove sfide. Se da un lato permette osservazioni durante la notte polare, dall’altro la luminosità della Luna non è costante: varia con la fase lunare, la librazione, ed è spesso influenzata dalla copertura nuvolosa, particolarmente frequente nelle regioni polari. Per valutare la fattibilità di questo approccio, sono state effettuate misure fotometriche lunari in due stazioni ad alta latitudine — Ny-Ålesund (Norvegia) e Barrow (USA) — durante i mesi invernali. I dati sono stati raccolti utilizzando due fotometri solari modificati, e i risultati sono stati confrontati con quelli di un fotometro stellare e di uno strumento CIMEL CE318-T. I risultati dimostrano l’affidabilità della fotometria lunare per la stima dell’AOD e dell’esponente di Ångström in ambienti polari. Sulla base di questi risultati promettenti, il progetto è stato ampliato includendo un set di dati più esteso, che comprende misurazioni fotometriche solari, lunari e stellari da 15 stazioni permanenti artiche e 11 antartiche. Questo ha permesso la costruzione di climatologie estese e l’analisi delle proprietà degli aerosol in entrambi i Poli. Questa tesi dimostra che la fotometria lunare è una tecnica affidabile e preziosa per il monitoraggio degli aerosol nelle regioni polari, soprattutto nei periodi in cui la fotometria solare tradizionale non è possibile. Inoltre, mette in evidenza pattern caratteristici dell’AOD e dell’esponente di Ångström durante le transizioni dalla luce all’oscurità e durante tutta la notte polare, contribuendo a una comprensione più completa del comportamento degli aerosol in questi ambienti remoti.
Improving long-term aerosol observing capabilities in polar areas
PULIMENO, SIMONE
2026
Abstract
The aim of this PhD thesis is to investigate the applicability and development of the lunar photometry technique for measuring aerosol properties in Polar Regions. Photometry is a passive remote sensing method that quantifies the attenuation of radiation as it passes through the atmosphere due to the presence of particles. This technique provides key parameters such as Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and the Ångström exponent (α). Photometric measurements rely on the Lambert-Beer law, using the Sun as a stable light source. However, in Polar Regions, solar radiation is absent for several months during the polar night, resulting in significant gaps in AOD climatologies. To address this limitation, this research explores the potential of lunar photometry—using the Moon as an alternative light source—to enable AOD measurements during periods of extended darkness. Lunar photometry presents both opportunities and challenges. While it allows observations during the polar night, the Moon's brightness is not constant; it varies with lunar phase, libration, and is often affected by cloud cover, which is particularly prevalent in Polar Regions. To assess the feasibility of this approach, moon-photometric measurements were conducted at two high-latitude stations—Ny-Ålesund (Norway) and Barrow (USA)—during the winter months. Data were collected using two modified Sun photometers, and results were compared with those from a star photometer and a sun-sky-lunar CIMEL instrument. The findings demonstrate the reliability of lunar photometry for retrieving AOD and α in high-latitude environments. Building on these promising results, the project was expanded to include a broader dataset, incorporating solar, lunar, and stellar photometric measurements from 15 Arctic and 11 Antarctic permanent stations. This allowed for the construction of extended climatologies and the analysis of aerosol properties across both Poles. This thesis demonstrates that lunar photometry is a reliable and valuable technique for aerosol monitoring in Polar Regions, especially during periods when traditional solar photometry is not possible. It also highlights characteristic patterns in AOD and Ångström exponent during transitions from daylight to darkness and throughout the polar night, contributing to a more complete understanding of aerosol behavior in these remote environments.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/360840
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVE-360840