The incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into cementitious matrices represents a promising strategy for developing multifunctional construction materials with intrinsic self-sensing capabilities, enabling autonomous structural health monitoring. Nevertheless, despite significant progress in this field, several challenges remain unresolved, particularly with respect to the reproducibility of experimental outcomes and the influence of testing procedures on the measured electrical and electromechanical properties, which is further exacerbated by the absence of standardized testing protocols. This dissertation addresses these issues through the design, experimental investigation, and analytical and numerical modeling of CNT-based intrinsic self-sensing cementitious composites (ISSCs). An extensive experimental investigation was conducted to systematically evaluate the effects of different matrix types and dispersing agents on the mechanical, electrical and electromechanical behavior of CNT-reinforced composites. Special emphasis was placed on comparing alternative testing methodologies to assess how measurement procedures influence the recorded responses – an often overlooked yet critical factor for understanding discrepancies in reported results and establishing reliable characterization protocols. In parallel, a micromechanical model was developed to describe the complex piezoelectric behavior of CNT–based cementitious composites. In particular, the micromechanical model accounts not only for the dominant conduction mechanisms – conductive network and electron hopping – but also for nanotube geometry and morphological factors such as waviness, agglomeration and segregation. The novelty of this model is the introduction of a quantum-mechanical approach to estimate the thickness of the inter-nanotube matrix region, achieved by explicitly incorporating the physics of electron tunnelling. The model predictions showed strong agreement with experimental results, confirming the robustness of the theoretical framework and its effectiveness as a tool to guide the design and optimization of self-sensing cementitious composites. Complementarily, a simplified finite element model was implemented to simulate the electrical response of cement-based sensors during the polarization phase. This modeling approach allows for assessing the model’s capability to capture the stage in which the electric potential stabilizes and the corresponding electrical resistance attains a steady-state value. By comparing the simulated results with experimental data, the model’s accuracy in reproducing the transient response can be critically evaluated. Overall, the outcomes of this research advance the understanding of CNTs-based self-sensing concrete by integrating systematic experimental investigations with analytical and numerical models. Beyond confirming the multifunctional potential of these composite materials, the work provides methodological insights into how dispersion techniques and testing protocols shape the observed performance. These contributions lay the groundwork for the rational design and reliable implementation of intrinsically self-sensing cementitious composites in intelligent infrastructure systems.
L’incorporazione dei nanotubi di carbonio (CNT) nelle matrici cementizie rappresenta una strategia promettente per lo sviluppo di materiali da costruzione multifunzionali dotati di capacità auto-rilevanti, in grado di consentire un monitoraggio autonomo dello stato di salute strutturale. Tuttavia, nonostante i significativi progressi compiuti in questo ambito, rimangono irrisolte diverse criticità, in particolare riguardo alla riproducibilità dei risultati sperimentali e all’influenza delle procedure di prova sulle proprietà elettriche ed elettromeccaniche misurate, problematiche ulteriormente aggravate dall’assenza di protocolli di test standardizzati. Questa tesi affronta tali questioni attraverso la progettazione, l’indagine sperimentale e la modellazione analitica e numerica di compositi cementizi self-sensing a base di CNTs. È stata condotta un’ampia campagna sperimentale per valutare in modo sistematico gli effetti di differenti tipi di matrice e agenti disperdenti sul comportamento meccanico, elettrico ed elettromeccanico dei compositi rinforzati con CNT. Particolare attenzione è stata dedicata al confronto tra metodologie di prova alternative, al fine di comprendere come le procedure di misura influenzino le risposte registrate – un fattore spesso trascurato ma cruciale per interpretare le discrepanze nei risultati riportati in letteratura e stabilire protocolli di caratterizzazione affidabili. Parallelamente, è stato sviluppato un modello micromeccanico per descrivere il complesso comportamento piezoelettrico dei compositi cementizi a base di CNT. In particolare, il modello tiene conto non solo dei principali meccanismi di conduzione – rete conduttiva e hopping elettronico – ma anche della geometria dei nanotubi e di fattori morfologici quali ondulazione, agglomerazione e segregazione. L’elemento innovativo del modello risiede nell’introduzione di un approccio quantistico per stimare lo spessore della regione di matrice interposta tra i nanotubi, ottenuto incorporando esplicitamente la fisica del tunnelling elettronico. Le previsioni fornite dal modello hanno mostrato un forte accordo con i risultati sperimentali, confermando la solidità dell’impianto teorico e la sua efficacia come strumento a supporto della progettazione e ottimizzazione dei compositi cementizi self-sensing. In maniera complementare, è stato implementato un modello semplificato agli elementi finiti per simulare la risposta elettrica dei sensori a base cementizia durante la fase di polarizzazione. Questo approccio di modellazione consente di valutare la capacità del modello di riprodurre lo stadio in cui il potenziale elettrico si stabilizza e la corrispondente resistenza elettrica raggiunge un valore stazionario. Confrontando i risultati simulati con i dati sperimentali, è possibile valutare criticamente l’accuratezza del modello nel descrivere la risposta transiente. Complessivamente, i risultati di questa ricerca avanzano la conoscenza dei calcestruzzi self-sensing a base di CNT integrando indagini sperimentali sistematiche con modelli analitici e numerici. Oltre a confermare il potenziale multifunzionale di questi materiali compositi, il lavoro fornisce indicazioni metodologiche su come le tecniche di dispersione e i protocolli di prova influenzino le prestazioni osservate. Tali contributi gettano le basi per la progettazione razionale e l’implementazione affidabile di compositi cementizi auto-rilevanti nei sistemi infrastrutturali intelligenti.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of self-sensing CNTs-based cementitious composites [Indagine sperimentale e teorica sui compositi cementizi self-sensing a base di CNTs]
LAMBIASE, ANNAVIRGINIA
2026
Abstract
The incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into cementitious matrices represents a promising strategy for developing multifunctional construction materials with intrinsic self-sensing capabilities, enabling autonomous structural health monitoring. Nevertheless, despite significant progress in this field, several challenges remain unresolved, particularly with respect to the reproducibility of experimental outcomes and the influence of testing procedures on the measured electrical and electromechanical properties, which is further exacerbated by the absence of standardized testing protocols. This dissertation addresses these issues through the design, experimental investigation, and analytical and numerical modeling of CNT-based intrinsic self-sensing cementitious composites (ISSCs). An extensive experimental investigation was conducted to systematically evaluate the effects of different matrix types and dispersing agents on the mechanical, electrical and electromechanical behavior of CNT-reinforced composites. Special emphasis was placed on comparing alternative testing methodologies to assess how measurement procedures influence the recorded responses – an often overlooked yet critical factor for understanding discrepancies in reported results and establishing reliable characterization protocols. In parallel, a micromechanical model was developed to describe the complex piezoelectric behavior of CNT–based cementitious composites. In particular, the micromechanical model accounts not only for the dominant conduction mechanisms – conductive network and electron hopping – but also for nanotube geometry and morphological factors such as waviness, agglomeration and segregation. The novelty of this model is the introduction of a quantum-mechanical approach to estimate the thickness of the inter-nanotube matrix region, achieved by explicitly incorporating the physics of electron tunnelling. The model predictions showed strong agreement with experimental results, confirming the robustness of the theoretical framework and its effectiveness as a tool to guide the design and optimization of self-sensing cementitious composites. Complementarily, a simplified finite element model was implemented to simulate the electrical response of cement-based sensors during the polarization phase. This modeling approach allows for assessing the model’s capability to capture the stage in which the electric potential stabilizes and the corresponding electrical resistance attains a steady-state value. By comparing the simulated results with experimental data, the model’s accuracy in reproducing the transient response can be critically evaluated. Overall, the outcomes of this research advance the understanding of CNTs-based self-sensing concrete by integrating systematic experimental investigations with analytical and numerical models. Beyond confirming the multifunctional potential of these composite materials, the work provides methodological insights into how dispersion techniques and testing protocols shape the observed performance. These contributions lay the groundwork for the rational design and reliable implementation of intrinsically self-sensing cementitious composites in intelligent infrastructure systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/361643
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-361643