Over the last two decades, international adoptions have undergone a profound transformation, marked by a quantitative decline and a qualitative shift toward increasingly complex profiles of adopted children. Among the special needs encountered in the post-adoption context, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) represent a particularly challenging condition. Although often unrecognized at the time of placement, research in adoptive and child welfare contexts indicates that FASD is more prevalent among adopted children and children in out-of-home care than in the general population. Despite growing awareness of its impact, limited research has examined the factors that shape how adoptive parents cope with the dual challenge of adoption and FASD. Addressing this gap, this doctoral project examines how adoptive parents navigate the experience of raising children with FASD, aiming to provide quantitative evidence on the challenges and resources that influence parental functioning. While most existing research has focused on international adoption, the present project broadens this focus to adoptive families and is developed through three complementary studies. Across them, progressively different designs were employed to examine risk and protective factors among 43 adoptive mothers of children with FASD (Chapter 2), test the stress-buffering role of partner support and the moderating effect of FASD diagnosis on maternal mental health in a sample of 85 adoptive mothers (Chapter 3), and explore the association between adolescents’ adjustment classes and parents’ satisfaction with adoption in a cross-national sample of 133 Italian and Spanish adoptive families (Chapter 4). Results indicated that parenting stress and depressive symptoms are key vulnerability factors, whereas partner support serves as a primary protective resource. A person-centered approach underscored heterogeneity within the adoptive group and suggested that adoption satisfaction is linked to child adjustment, with differential associations across resilient and vulnerable groups. Anchored in a relational-symbolic framework, the findings highlight reciprocal interdependence between individual and relational dimensions within the family, showing that family functioning reflects a dynamic balance between stressors and strengths. This perspective supports a shift from a child-centered to a relational and systemic approach. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed with reference to the development of evidence-based interventions for parents, couples, families, and services involved in adopted families and special needs.
Negli ultimi due decenni, le adozioni internazionali hanno attraversato una trasformazione profonda, caratterizzata da un calo quantitativo e da un cambiamento qualitativo verso profili dei bambini adottati sempre più complessi. Tra i bisogni speciali che emergono nel contesto post-adottivo, i disordini dello spettro feto-alcolico (FASD) rappresentano una condizione particolarmente sfidante. Sebbene spesso non riconosciuti al momento dell’inserimento, le ricerche condotte in contesti adottivi e di tutela minorile indicano che i FASD sono più prevalenti tra i bambini adottati e i minori collocati fuori famiglia rispetto alla popolazione generale. Nonostante la crescente consapevolezza del loro impatto, la ricerca ad oggi ha esaminato in misura limitata i fattori che influenzano il modo in cui i genitori adottivi affrontano la duplice sfida dell’adozione e dei FASD. Per colmare questo gap, il presente progetto di dottorato indaga come i genitori adottivi attraversano l’esperienza di crescere figli con FASD, con l’obiettivo di fornire evidenze quantitative sulle sfide e sulle risorse che incidono sul funzionamento genitoriale. Mentre la maggior parte della letteratura si è concentrata sull’adozione internazionale, il presente progetto amplia il focus alle famiglie adottive e si sviluppa attraverso tre studi complementari. Complessivamente, sono stati impiegati disegni progressivamente differenti per esaminare fattori di rischio e di protezione in 43 madri adottive di figli con FASD (Capitolo 2), testare il ruolo di buffering del supporto del partner e l’effetto moderatore della diagnosi di FASD sulla salute mentale materna in un campione di 85 madri adottive (Capitolo 3), ed esplorare l’associazione tra le classi di adattamento degli adolescenti e la soddisfazione dei genitori rispetto all’adozione in un campione transnazionale di 133 famiglie adottive italiane e spagnole (Capitolo 4). I risultati indicano che lo stress genitoriale e i sintomi depressivi rappresentano fattori chiave di vulnerabilità, mentre il supporto del partner costituisce una risorsa protettiva primaria. Un approccio person-centered ha messo in luce l’eterogeneità all’interno del gruppo adottivo e ha suggerito che la soddisfazione per l’adozione è associata all’adattamento del figlio, con associazioni differenziali tra i gruppi resilienti e vulnerabili. Ancorati a una cornice relazionale-simbolica, i risultati evidenziano l’interdipendenza reciproca tra dimensioni individuali e relazionali all’interno della famiglia, mostrando che il funzionamento familiare riflette un equilibrio dinamico tra stressori e punti di forza. Questa prospettiva sostiene uno spostamento da un approccio child-centered a un approccio relazionale e sistemico. Le implicazioni teoriche e pratiche vengono discusse in riferimento allo sviluppo di interventi evidence-based per genitori, coppie, famiglie e servizi coinvolti nelle famiglie adottive e nei bisogni speciali.
ADOPTION AND FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS: CHALLENGES AND RESOURCES
La Fico, Giuliana Concetta
2026
Abstract
Over the last two decades, international adoptions have undergone a profound transformation, marked by a quantitative decline and a qualitative shift toward increasingly complex profiles of adopted children. Among the special needs encountered in the post-adoption context, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) represent a particularly challenging condition. Although often unrecognized at the time of placement, research in adoptive and child welfare contexts indicates that FASD is more prevalent among adopted children and children in out-of-home care than in the general population. Despite growing awareness of its impact, limited research has examined the factors that shape how adoptive parents cope with the dual challenge of adoption and FASD. Addressing this gap, this doctoral project examines how adoptive parents navigate the experience of raising children with FASD, aiming to provide quantitative evidence on the challenges and resources that influence parental functioning. While most existing research has focused on international adoption, the present project broadens this focus to adoptive families and is developed through three complementary studies. Across them, progressively different designs were employed to examine risk and protective factors among 43 adoptive mothers of children with FASD (Chapter 2), test the stress-buffering role of partner support and the moderating effect of FASD diagnosis on maternal mental health in a sample of 85 adoptive mothers (Chapter 3), and explore the association between adolescents’ adjustment classes and parents’ satisfaction with adoption in a cross-national sample of 133 Italian and Spanish adoptive families (Chapter 4). Results indicated that parenting stress and depressive symptoms are key vulnerability factors, whereas partner support serves as a primary protective resource. A person-centered approach underscored heterogeneity within the adoptive group and suggested that adoption satisfaction is linked to child adjustment, with differential associations across resilient and vulnerable groups. Anchored in a relational-symbolic framework, the findings highlight reciprocal interdependence between individual and relational dimensions within the family, showing that family functioning reflects a dynamic balance between stressors and strengths. This perspective supports a shift from a child-centered to a relational and systemic approach. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed with reference to the development of evidence-based interventions for parents, couples, families, and services involved in adopted families and special needs.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/361706
URN:NBN:IT:UNICATT-361706