Microplastics (MPs) and other microlitter components (MLCs), including natural and synthetic fibres, plastic additives and other plastic-associated contaminants, represent a growing concern in remote environments such as the Arctic. Due to their small size, persistence, and widespread distribution in the abiotic compartments, these contaminants can enter marine food webs and accumulate across different trophic levels. Climate change is enhancing the melting of the ice and the opening of new maritime routes, increasing the release and transport of MPs and MLCs. This study estimates the presence, abundance, and composition of MP and MLC in the Svalbard archipelago and surrounding waters of Iceland, analyzing surface seawater, sediments, small invertebrates (amphipods), and marine mammal tissues (fin whales). Particular attention was paid to small microplastics (SMP; <100 μm) and MLC, which remain underestimated and overlooked but pose higher ecological risks. The application of high-resolution analytical protocols allowed the detection of these fractions in all matrices, confirming widespread contamination. The results of this study highlight the importance of comparing matrices to assess MP and MLC pollution in vulnerable Arctic ecosystems, particularly SMP, which has been confirmed as the most abundant. They also underscore the urgent need to harmonise methodologies, conduct long-term monitoring, and include SMP and MLC in future regulatory frameworks.
Le microplastiche (MP) e altri componenti del microlitter (MLC), tra cui fibre naturali e sintetiche, additivi plastici e altri contaminanti associati, rappresentano una preoccupazione crescente in ambienti remoti come l'Artico. A causa delle loro piccole dimensioni, della loro persistenza ed ampia distribuzione nei compartimenti abiotici, questi contaminanti possono entrare nella catena alimentare marina ed accumularsi nelle reti trofiche. I cambiamenti climatici stanno accelerando la fusione dei ghiacciai e l'apertura di nuove rotte marittime, aumentando il rilascio e il trasporto di MP e MLC. Questo studio stima la presenza, l'abbondanza e la composizione di MP e MLC nell'arcipelago delle Svalbard e nelle acque circostanti dell'Islanda, analizzando l'acqua di marina superficiale, i sedimenti, i piccoli invertebrati (anfipodi) e i tessuti dei mammiferi marini (balenottera comune). Particolare attenzione è stata dedicata alle microplastiche di piccole dimensioni (SMP; <100 μm) e al MLC, che rimangono sottostimati e poco studiati ma che comportano rischi ecologici più elevati. L'applicazione di protocolli analitici ad alta risoluzione ha consentito il rilevamento di queste frazioni in tutte le matrici, confermando una contaminazione diffusa. I risultati di questo studio evidenziano l'importanza del confronto tra matrici per valutare l'inquinamento da MP e MLC negli ecosistemi artici vulnerabili, in particolare delle SMP, confermate come le più abbondanti. Sottolineano inoltre l'urgente necessità di armonizzare le metodologie, di effettuare un monitoraggio a lungo termine e di includere le SMP e le MLC nei futuri quadri normativi.
Small microplastics and other anthropogenic particles in the marine polar environment
VITALE, GIULIA
2026
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and other microlitter components (MLCs), including natural and synthetic fibres, plastic additives and other plastic-associated contaminants, represent a growing concern in remote environments such as the Arctic. Due to their small size, persistence, and widespread distribution in the abiotic compartments, these contaminants can enter marine food webs and accumulate across different trophic levels. Climate change is enhancing the melting of the ice and the opening of new maritime routes, increasing the release and transport of MPs and MLCs. This study estimates the presence, abundance, and composition of MP and MLC in the Svalbard archipelago and surrounding waters of Iceland, analyzing surface seawater, sediments, small invertebrates (amphipods), and marine mammal tissues (fin whales). Particular attention was paid to small microplastics (SMP; <100 μm) and MLC, which remain underestimated and overlooked but pose higher ecological risks. The application of high-resolution analytical protocols allowed the detection of these fractions in all matrices, confirming widespread contamination. The results of this study highlight the importance of comparing matrices to assess MP and MLC pollution in vulnerable Arctic ecosystems, particularly SMP, which has been confirmed as the most abundant. They also underscore the urgent need to harmonise methodologies, conduct long-term monitoring, and include SMP and MLC in future regulatory frameworks.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD Polar Sciences thesis_Giulia Vitale - Reviewed.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/361795
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVE-361795