Adsorption is a physical/chemical phenomenon in which a solid phase, defined as adsorbent, is used to separate a mixture of components in a fluid phase, either gas or liquid, based on differential interaction strength. All in between the lab scale to the large industrial operations, from water remediation to pharmaceutical purification, such processes find wide ranges of application. Nowadays, the increase in complexity of water pollutants, the more and more stringent regulations on contaminants as well as on the purity of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products coupled with the development of more sophisticated therapeutic modalities require extremely selective separations. This necessity has stimulated the development of highly efficient adsorbent materials, displaying large adsorption capacities, high selectivity and fast kinetics on one side, and of innovative processes to exploit the full potential of such materials on the other. To address these requirements, in this thesis both aspects of material and process development for adsorption operations have been tackled. Chapter 1 introduces the definitions and main aspects of adsorption separations and their applications, highlighting the importance of developing advanced adsorption materials, as well as the need, in challenging operations, of advanced processes. In Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 case studies related to the development of efficient polymeric adsorbents are presented. Specific focus is given to the understanding of how the coupling reaction between resin backbone and a selective ligand is influenced by reaction solvent, porogen materials and resin-synthesis strategies. The resin formulation has also been optimized, as well as resin regeneration strategies. Continuous adsorption tests have been conducted in a water treatment lab-scale pilot plant, featuring a 3D-printed mixing-settling unit. Comparison to a commercially available material has also been performed. Lastly, the specific adsorption mechanism has been studied by 1H-NMR. Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 both deal with the development of advanced chromatographic processes for the downstream processing of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. In particular, in Chapter 4 affinity capture of AAV has been developed from cell clarified lysate material, optimizing process parameters for maximization of capsid recovery and reduction of process related impurities (i.e. dsDNA and host cell protein). Chapter 5 addresses the following chromatographic step in the AAV downstream processing, namely the separation of empty from full capsids, by means of anion exchange chromatography. Optimized single column purification protocols have been translated into a continuous operation by means of multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification (MCSGP). A mechanistic model describing the separation has been developed and calibrated from single column experiments, an adaptation of such model has also been carried out to describe the multicolumn operation and predict MCSGP performances. Based on the results achieved, general Conclusions on the potential of advanced materials and separation processes in different industrial settings are drawn. Finally, in Appendix an additional work carried out in the framework of innovative adsorption processes is presented, tackling the separation of the gaseous binary mixture of CO2 – N2 by studying the application of a dual-reflux pressure swing adsorption (DR-PSA) process.
L’adsorbimento è un fenomeno fisico/chimico in cui una fase solida, definita adsorbente, viene utilizzata per separare una miscela di componenti in una fase fluida, gassosa o liquida, sulla base della diversa intensità di interazione. Dalla scala di laboratorio fino a quella industriale, dalla bonifica delle acque alla purificazione di farmaci, tali processi trovano un ampio campo di applicazione. Oggi, l’aumento della complessità degli inquinanti presenti nelle acque, le normative sempre più stringenti su contaminanti e sulla purezza dei prodotti farmaceutici e biofarmaceutici, insieme allo sviluppo di modalità terapeutiche più sofisticate, richiedono separazioni estremamente selettive. Questa necessità ha spinto allo sviluppo di materiali adsorbenti altamente efficienti, caratterizzati da un lato da elevate capacità di adsorbimento, alta selettività e cinetiche rapide, dall’altro a processi innovativi in grado di sfruttare appieno il potenziale di tali materiali. Per rispondere a queste esigenze, nella presente tesi sono stati affrontati entrambi gli aspetti, ovvero lo sviluppo di materiali e di processi per operazioni di adsorbimento. Il Capitolo 1 introduce le definizioni e gli aspetti principali delle separazioni per adsorbimento e delle loro applicazioni, evidenziando l’importanza dello sviluppo di materiali adsorbenti avanzati, nonché la necessità, nelle operazioni più complesse, di processi avanzati. Nei Capitoli 2 e 3 vengono presentati casi di studio relativi allo sviluppo di adsorbenti polimerici efficienti. Particolare attenzione è dedicata alla comprensione di come la reazione di accoppiamento tra la matrice della resina e un ligando selettivo sia influenzata dal solvente di reazione, dai materiali “porogeni” e dalle strategie di sintesi della resina. È stata inoltre ottimizzata la formulazione della resina, così come le strategie di rigenerazione. Sono stati condotti test di adsorbimento in continuo in un impianto pilota in scala da laboratorio per il trattamento delle acque, dotato di un’unità di miscelazione-decantazione stampata in 3D. È stato inoltre effettuato un confronto con una resina disponibile in commercio. Infine, il meccanismo specifico di adsorbimento è stato studiato mediante 1H-NMR. Il Capitolo 4 e il Capitolo 5 riguardano entrambi lo sviluppo di processi cromatografici avanzati per il downstream processing di vettori virali adeno-associati (AAV). In particolare, nel Capitolo 4 è stata sviluppata una fase di processo di cattura per affinità degli AAV a partire da lisato cellulare chiarificato, ottimizzando i parametri di processo per massimizzare il recupero dei capsidi e ridurre le impurità correlate al processo (ossia dsDNA e proteine della cellula ospite). Il Capitolo 5 affronta la fase cromatografica successiva nel downstream degli AAV, ovvero la separazione dei capsidi vuoti da quelli pieni mediante cromatografia a scambio anionico. I protocolli di purificazione ottimizzati su singola colonna sono stati trasferiti a un’operazione continua tramite un processo multicolonna in controcorrente con gradiente di solvente (MCSGP). È stato sviluppato un modello meccanicistico descrittivo della separazione, calibrato a partire da esperimenti su singola colonna; un adattamento di tale modello è stato inoltre realizzato per descrivere l’operazione multicolonna e prevedere le prestazioni del processo MCSGP. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, vengono tratte Conclusioni generali sul potenziale dei materiali avanzati e dei processi di separazione in diversi contesti industriali. Infine, nell’Appendice è presentato un ulteriore lavoro svolto nell’ambito di processi innovativi di adsorbimento, riguardante la separazione della miscela binaria gassosa CO₂–N₂ mediante lo studio dell’applicazione di un processo di adsorbimento a variazione di pressione con doppio riflusso (DR-PSA).
Polymeric materials and processes for advanced adsorption separations
LUCA, OSSI
2026
Abstract
Adsorption is a physical/chemical phenomenon in which a solid phase, defined as adsorbent, is used to separate a mixture of components in a fluid phase, either gas or liquid, based on differential interaction strength. All in between the lab scale to the large industrial operations, from water remediation to pharmaceutical purification, such processes find wide ranges of application. Nowadays, the increase in complexity of water pollutants, the more and more stringent regulations on contaminants as well as on the purity of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products coupled with the development of more sophisticated therapeutic modalities require extremely selective separations. This necessity has stimulated the development of highly efficient adsorbent materials, displaying large adsorption capacities, high selectivity and fast kinetics on one side, and of innovative processes to exploit the full potential of such materials on the other. To address these requirements, in this thesis both aspects of material and process development for adsorption operations have been tackled. Chapter 1 introduces the definitions and main aspects of adsorption separations and their applications, highlighting the importance of developing advanced adsorption materials, as well as the need, in challenging operations, of advanced processes. In Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 case studies related to the development of efficient polymeric adsorbents are presented. Specific focus is given to the understanding of how the coupling reaction between resin backbone and a selective ligand is influenced by reaction solvent, porogen materials and resin-synthesis strategies. The resin formulation has also been optimized, as well as resin regeneration strategies. Continuous adsorption tests have been conducted in a water treatment lab-scale pilot plant, featuring a 3D-printed mixing-settling unit. Comparison to a commercially available material has also been performed. Lastly, the specific adsorption mechanism has been studied by 1H-NMR. Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 both deal with the development of advanced chromatographic processes for the downstream processing of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. In particular, in Chapter 4 affinity capture of AAV has been developed from cell clarified lysate material, optimizing process parameters for maximization of capsid recovery and reduction of process related impurities (i.e. dsDNA and host cell protein). Chapter 5 addresses the following chromatographic step in the AAV downstream processing, namely the separation of empty from full capsids, by means of anion exchange chromatography. Optimized single column purification protocols have been translated into a continuous operation by means of multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification (MCSGP). A mechanistic model describing the separation has been developed and calibrated from single column experiments, an adaptation of such model has also been carried out to describe the multicolumn operation and predict MCSGP performances. Based on the results achieved, general Conclusions on the potential of advanced materials and separation processes in different industrial settings are drawn. Finally, in Appendix an additional work carried out in the framework of innovative adsorption processes is presented, tackling the separation of the gaseous binary mixture of CO2 – N2 by studying the application of a dual-reflux pressure swing adsorption (DR-PSA) process.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/361911
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-361911