Nanotechnology in electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications

Electrochemical sensors offer transformative potential for clinical diagnostics. This Ph.D. thesis explores the synthesis and application of advanced nanomaterials, specifically MXenes and nanostructured metal oxides, to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of biosensing platforms. The research presents the development of four distinct electrochemical devices, including aptasensors, immunosensors, and non-enzymatic sensors. Each material was rigorously characterized to optimize its physico-chemical properties for sensor integration. These platforms were successfully applied to detect biomarkers for chronic kidney disease (urea, creatinine, and cystatin C) and melanoma (MCAM), demonstrating high reliability in both standard solutions and complex biological samples. The thesis further investigates the technical challenges of printing and integrating MXenes and metal oxides as active materials. By addressing these manufacturing hurdles, the work provides a foundation for the sustainable, large-scale production of high-performance diagnostic tools.