Cancer is still a leading cause of death worldwide, with nearly 10 million deaths in 2022. Prostate and kidney cancer rank among the 15 most prevalent cancers. Localized prostate cancer is highly treatable with conventional options, including radiation therapy, prostatectomy, and androgen deprivation therapy, yielding ~100% 5-year relative survival rates. However, prognosis drops to ~38% once distant metastases develop. To address this unmet medical need, targeted approaches that exploit tumor associated antigens (TAAs) have been pursued. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has emerged as the most clinically relevant target, being overexpressed in >80% of prostate cancer lesions. Unfortunately, PSMA-targeting agents, such as Pluvicto®, accumulate not only in the tumor but also in healthy tissues such as salivary glands and kidneys, causing dose-limiting toxicities. Healthy organ accumulation has been correlated with the expression of glutamate carboxypeptidase III (GCPIII), a close homologue of PSMA to which PSMA-targeting small-molecule ligands cross-react, providing an avenue for blocking applications upon the availability of GCPIII-specific ligands. Kidney cancer has a lower absolute mortality, but suffers from burdensome diagnostics, including invasive biopsies and unnecessary surgeries for benign tumors. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a clinically validated biomarker found in >90% of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC), the most common type of kidney cancer (~70%). Several radiolabeled CAIX-binding compounds are being investigated for the diagnosis of ccRCC. Antibodies such as girentuximab, the clinically most advanced CAIX ligand, have long circulation times that delay imaging and increase radiation burden, whereas small molecules show unwanted accumulation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and healthy kidney. Traditional ligand-discovery methods include high-throughput screening (HTS), fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD), computer-aided drug discovery (CADD), and combinatorial chemistry. DNA-encoded chemical libraries (DELs) have recently emerged as a powerful alternative. DELs are collections of organic compounds, each coupled to a distinctive DNA barcode enabling affinity-based selections that can lead to the discovery of binders for the target. In this thesis, DEL technology was used to identify GCPIII-selective ligands that do not bind to PSMA, enabling selective blockade of healthy tissues during PSMA-targeted therapies. Comparative enrichment analysis between GCPIII and PSMA selections yielded a hit with high GCPIII-enrichment and >10-fold selectivity. Medicinal chemistry efforts resulted nanomolar ligands with up to 1000-fold GCPIII selectivity. Partial radioprotection of human salivary glands from [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 could be achieved with the GCPIII ligands in autoradiography studies. In the second part of the thesis, a DEL has been expanded, increasing size and chemical diversity of the library. Step 1 of the 4-amino-proline-based SO-DEL has been used as a starting point to couple and encode 864 carboxylic acids, 91 isocyanates, 24 isothiocyanates, 164 sulfonyl chlorides and 183 alkynes. Pooling and purification led to a pure library containing of 5’737’948 different molecules with homogenous distribution. Selections revealed promising hits for CAIX. The third part focuses on DEL-hits obtained for CAIX. Compounds highly and selectively enriched for CAIX over CAII were investigated in vitro to identify the most promising candidates for in vivo studies. Collectively, this thesis shows the successful isolation of selective ligands for proteins of interest (GCPIII & CAIX) from DELs, leading to the radioprotection of healthy organs or the targeted delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic payloads to tumor tissues. Most notably, a clinical candidate for the imaging of ccRCC could be discovered through DEL technology, which is currently being studied in a company-sponsored Phase I trial.
Il cancro rimane una delle principali cause di morte globali, con quasi 10 milioni di decessi nel 2022. Tra i tumori più diffusi figurano quelli alla prostata e al rene. Il carcinoma prostatico localizzato è altamente trattabile mediante radioterapia, prostatectomia o deprivazione androgenica, con sopravvivenza relativa a 5 anni prossima al 100%, ma la prognosi crolla al 38% per pazienti con tumore metastatico. Per affrontare questo bisogno clinico, sono stati sviluppati approcci mirati basati su antigeni associati al tumore. Tra questi, il PSMA è il bersaglio più rilevante poiché sovraespresso in oltre l’80% delle lesioni prostatiche. Tuttavia, gli agenti che bersagliano il PSMA, come Pluvicto®, accumulano radioattività anche in tessuti sani, in particolare ghiandole salivari e reni, causando tossicità dose-limitante. Tale accumulo è legato all’espressione di GCPIII, omologo stretto di PSMA verso cui i ligandi a piccola molecola mostrano cross-reattività. Ciò apre alla possibilità di bloccare preventivamente i tessuti sani utilizzando ligandi selettivi per GCPIII. Il tumore renale presenta una mortalità inferiore ma soffre di una diagnostica onerosa, spesso basata su biopsie invasive o interventi non necessari su masse benigne. L’anidrasi carbonica IX (CAIX) è un biomarcatore validato, presente in oltre il 90% dei carcinomi a cellule chiare (ccRCC), che rappresentano circa il 70% dei tumori renali. Diversi composti radiomarcati anti-CAIX sono in sviluppo diagnostico, ma gli anticorpi come girentuximab hanno tempi di circolazione lunghi, mentre le piccole molecole mostrano accumulo indesiderato nel tratto gastrointestinale e nel rene sano. I metodi per individuare molecole che si legano a bersagli di interesse (come GCPIII o CAIX) includono tradizionalmente i seguenti metodi: “High-Throughput Screening” (HTS), “Fragment-Based Drug Discovery” (FBDD), “Computer-Assisted Drug Discovery” (CADD) e la chimica combinatoriale. Le librerie chimiche codificate su DNA (“DEL”) sono emerse come alternativa potente. Ogni composto della libreria è legato a un codice a barre di DNA che permette selezioni basate sull’affinità e l’identificazione rapida di leganti efficaci. In questa tesi la tecnologia DEL è stata applicata per ottenere ligandi selettivi per GCPIII privi di affinità verso PSMA, così da consentire il blocco mirato dei tessuti sani durante terapie anti-PSMA. L’analisi comparativa tra selezioni GCPIII e PSMA ha identificato un hit altamente arricchito per GCPIII con oltre dieci volte di selettività. Ottimizzazioni di chimica medicinale hanno portato a ligandi nanomolari con fino a mille volte di selettività. Studi di autoradiografia su ghiandole salivari umane hanno mostrato una parziale radioprotezione nei confronti di [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 grazie ai ligandi ottenuti. La seconda parte della tesi descrive l’espansione di una DEL basata su 4-amino-prolina per aumentarne dimensione e diversità. Sono stati accoppiati e codificati 864 acidi carbossilici, 91 isocianati, 24 isotiocianati, 164 cloruri solfonilici e 183 alchini, generando una libreria omogenea di 5.737.948 molecole. Le selezioni contro CAIX hanno fornito hit promettenti. La terza parte è dedicata alla caratterizzazione degli hit selettivi per CAIX rispetto a CAII. I composti più arricchiti sono stati valutati in vitro per individuare i migliori candidati per la validazione in vivo. Complessivamente, la tesi dimostra l’isolamento di ligandi selettivi per GCPIII e CAIX tramite tecnologia DEL, consentendo rispettivamente la radioprotezione di organi sani durante terapie PSMA-mirate e la veicolazione di radionuclidi diagnostici o terapeutici verso lesioni tumorali. In particolare, lo sviluppo di ligandi per CAIX ha portato all’identificazione di un candidato clinico per la diagnosi del ccRCC, attualmente oggetto di uno studio clinico di fase I sponsorizzato dalla Philogen.
Isolamento di ligandi da DNA-Encoded Chemical Libraries per il trasporto mirato di agenti diagnostici e terapeutici nei tumori
MÜLLER, MARCO
2026
Abstract
Cancer is still a leading cause of death worldwide, with nearly 10 million deaths in 2022. Prostate and kidney cancer rank among the 15 most prevalent cancers. Localized prostate cancer is highly treatable with conventional options, including radiation therapy, prostatectomy, and androgen deprivation therapy, yielding ~100% 5-year relative survival rates. However, prognosis drops to ~38% once distant metastases develop. To address this unmet medical need, targeted approaches that exploit tumor associated antigens (TAAs) have been pursued. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has emerged as the most clinically relevant target, being overexpressed in >80% of prostate cancer lesions. Unfortunately, PSMA-targeting agents, such as Pluvicto®, accumulate not only in the tumor but also in healthy tissues such as salivary glands and kidneys, causing dose-limiting toxicities. Healthy organ accumulation has been correlated with the expression of glutamate carboxypeptidase III (GCPIII), a close homologue of PSMA to which PSMA-targeting small-molecule ligands cross-react, providing an avenue for blocking applications upon the availability of GCPIII-specific ligands. Kidney cancer has a lower absolute mortality, but suffers from burdensome diagnostics, including invasive biopsies and unnecessary surgeries for benign tumors. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a clinically validated biomarker found in >90% of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC), the most common type of kidney cancer (~70%). Several radiolabeled CAIX-binding compounds are being investigated for the diagnosis of ccRCC. Antibodies such as girentuximab, the clinically most advanced CAIX ligand, have long circulation times that delay imaging and increase radiation burden, whereas small molecules show unwanted accumulation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and healthy kidney. Traditional ligand-discovery methods include high-throughput screening (HTS), fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD), computer-aided drug discovery (CADD), and combinatorial chemistry. DNA-encoded chemical libraries (DELs) have recently emerged as a powerful alternative. DELs are collections of organic compounds, each coupled to a distinctive DNA barcode enabling affinity-based selections that can lead to the discovery of binders for the target. In this thesis, DEL technology was used to identify GCPIII-selective ligands that do not bind to PSMA, enabling selective blockade of healthy tissues during PSMA-targeted therapies. Comparative enrichment analysis between GCPIII and PSMA selections yielded a hit with high GCPIII-enrichment and >10-fold selectivity. Medicinal chemistry efforts resulted nanomolar ligands with up to 1000-fold GCPIII selectivity. Partial radioprotection of human salivary glands from [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 could be achieved with the GCPIII ligands in autoradiography studies. In the second part of the thesis, a DEL has been expanded, increasing size and chemical diversity of the library. Step 1 of the 4-amino-proline-based SO-DEL has been used as a starting point to couple and encode 864 carboxylic acids, 91 isocyanates, 24 isothiocyanates, 164 sulfonyl chlorides and 183 alkynes. Pooling and purification led to a pure library containing of 5’737’948 different molecules with homogenous distribution. Selections revealed promising hits for CAIX. The third part focuses on DEL-hits obtained for CAIX. Compounds highly and selectively enriched for CAIX over CAII were investigated in vitro to identify the most promising candidates for in vivo studies. Collectively, this thesis shows the successful isolation of selective ligands for proteins of interest (GCPIII & CAIX) from DELs, leading to the radioprotection of healthy organs or the targeted delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic payloads to tumor tissues. Most notably, a clinical candidate for the imaging of ccRCC could be discovered through DEL technology, which is currently being studied in a company-sponsored Phase I trial.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/362492
URN:NBN:IT:IUSSPAVIA-362492