Housing (in)accessibility is exerting pressure across several European cities, and gaining access to housing is becoming increasingly difficult for a broader range of inhabitants, notably in those Western cities considered competitive and attractive. Challenges in housing access for disadvantaged groups have always been prevalent in these cities, but in the last decade, as housing pressure has also affected the middle classes, and sometimes the upper-middle classes, the debate has relentlessly entered the media and political discourses. Even when policymakers and housing providers try to tackle the problem, what is built is hardly affordable, and even when below the market prices, it is not automatically accessible to people in need. In housing studies, migrants are recognized as one of the most vulnerable groups; research points to specific obstacles they encounter in accessing dwellings, leading to indecent, precarious, unaffordable, and segregated housing solutions. However, the relationship between housing and migration has been mainly studied from the perspective of the unprivileged, and by country of origin, legal status, or time of arrival. Not much research has been performed on housing access for migrants from the lens of class, looking at both privileged and unprivileged migration. Additionally, most literature on housing and migration tends to associate migrants with ethnic minorities, reinforcing an ethnicity-centered understanding of who is a migrant and risking reproducing binarism and inequalities. Contrary to these positions, this thesis points out that not all migrants are disadvantaged in socio-economic terms nor belong to ethnic minorities, and tries to go toward a more nuanced understanding of their position in the housing market by adding a class perspective. Accordingly, the objective of this research is to understand why, how, and for whom class determines the housing access conditions, processes, and strategies for migrant groups belonging to the lower- and upper classes in the Zurich urban area, an economically competitive and attractive context that is witnessing a consistent immigration influx and a severe housing pressure. More precisely, I ask: What are the conditions under which lower- and upper-class migrants gain access to the urban rental housing market? How does class influence the process of making housing (in)accessible for migrants? For whom (which migrants) do class-based strategies succeed in securing housing access? To answer these research questions, I conducted 33 in-depth qualitative interviews with housing experts, housing professionals, and migrant tenants of urban rental housing in Zurich, carried out 12 site visits, and participated in 7 housing movement initiatives. I additionally analyzed secondary data, institutional documentation, and regulations on housing and migration at the national, cantonal, and municipal levels. The goal is to: (1) First analyze the political, spatial, socio-economic, racial and migration history conditions that determine housing (in)accessibility for lower- and upper-class migrants; (2) Second, study the housing access process for migrants, from housing search, through viewings and application, to final selection and allocation, looking at class-based dynamics; (3) Third, focus on individual material and immaterial strategies deployed in the housing access process in terms of class-based resources and performances. The goal is to understand their impact on housing (in)accessibility—encompassing housing affordability, housing location and proximity, neighborhood and housing quality, housing pathways and trajectories, and housing security and precarity—for migrants by class. My key finding is that the economic dimension plays a more prominent role in securing housing for migrants, enabling access to additional resources, such as contact with gatekeepers and time resources, while also mitigating the effects of discrimination. Specifically, the labor position—such as labor income, employment status, job security, and prospects—significantly influences the access conditions to the housing market, the extent to which migrants’ applications are selected, and the capability to meet their housing needs and aspirations. In response, foreign applicants perform as ‘good tenants’ and ‘good migrants’ in the housing access process to meet housing access criteria and broader societal expectations. These performances are often expressed in economic terms, such as demonstrating financial capacity, career aspirations, and being willing to integrate according to local standards of professional success. The predominance of material and economic factors deepens class divides, which become evident in the spatial and residential distribution of migrant groups in the urban area. This reflects the combined effects of restrictive and selective migration regimes, as well as insufficient or ineffective housing policies. This thesis demonstrates that, in contexts where migration regulations facilitate the settlement of privileged migrants, urban policies prioritize competitive development, and the housing market is dominated by economic players, money —with the resources it confers and the performances it enables— is the most decisive factor in housing (in)accessibility for migrants. Migrants’ inequalities in housing access thus illuminate broader systemic socio-economic racial divides in cities where class stratification appears to be shifting toward the extremes. Accordingly, to inform urgently needed housing policies in highly commodified and exclusive markets, further research must adopt a class perspective on housing (in)accessibility for migrants. A class-based approach to this issue can help move beyond simplistic ‘foreigner’ vs. ‘national’, ‘us’ vs. ‘them’ distinctions and contribute to the broader goal of ensuring accessible housing for all, regardless of nationality or migration background.
L’(in)accessibilità abitativa sta esercitando una crescente pressione in numerose città europee e l’accesso alla casa sta diventando progressivamente più difficile per una fascia sempre più ampia di abitanti, in particolare nelle città occidentali considerate economicamente competitive e attrattive. Le difficoltà di accesso alla casa per i gruppi socialmente svantaggiati sono da tempo diffuse in questi contesti urbani; tuttavia, nell’ultimo decennio, con l’aumento della pressione abitativa che ha iniziato a coinvolgere anche le classi medie e talvolta medio-alte, la questione è entrata con forza nei dibattiti mediatici e politici. Anche quando i decisori pubblici e gli attori del settore immobiliare cercano di affrontare il problema, gli alloggi realizzati risultano raramente accessibili dal punto di vista economico e, anche quando i prezzi sono inferiori a quelli di mercato, non sono necessariamente accessibili alle persone che ne avrebbero maggiore bisogno. Negli housing studies i migranti sono generalmente riconosciuti come uno dei gruppi più vulnerabili. Numerosi studi evidenziano infatti gli ostacoli specifici che incontrano nell’accesso alla casa, spesso associati a soluzioni abitative indignitose, precarie, economicamente inaccessibili o spazialmente segregate. Tuttavia, il rapporto tra casa e migrazione è stato prevalentemente analizzato dal punto di vista dei gruppi migranti meno privilegiati e attraverso categorie quali il paese di origine, lo status giuridico o la generazione. Rimangono invece limitate le ricerche che affrontano l’accesso alla casa dei migranti attraverso una prospettiva di classe, considerando congiuntamente migrazioni privilegiate e non privilegiate. Inoltre, gran parte della letteratura tende ad associare i migranti alle minoranze etniche, rafforzandone una visione etnicizzata e rischiando di riprodurre binarismi e disuguaglianze. In risposta a questi approcci, questa tesi evidenzia come non tutti i migranti si trovino in condizioni socio-economiche svantaggiate né appartengano necessariamente a minoranze etniche, proponendo una lettura più sfaccettata e diversificata della loro posizione nel mercato abitativo attraverso l’introduzione di una prospettiva di classe. L’obiettivo della ricerca è comprendere perché, come e per chi la classe sociale determini le condizioni, i processi e le strategie di accesso alla casa per migranti appartenenti alle classi basse e alle classi alte nell’area urbana di Zurigo, un contesto economicamente competitivo e attrattivo caratterizzato da un consistente afflusso migratorio e da una forte pressione abitativa. Più precisamente, la ricerca si interroga su tre questioni principali: quali siano le condizioni che permettono ai migranti delle classi basse e alte di accedere al mercato urbano degli affitti; in che modo la classe influenzi i processi attraverso cui l’accesso alla casa diventa (in)accessibile; e per quali migranti le strategie legate alla classe riescano effettivamente a garantire l’accesso alla casa. Per rispondere a tali domande sono state condotte 33 interviste qualitative con esperti di politiche abitative, professionisti del settore immobiliare e inquilini migranti, affiancate da visite sul campo, dalla partecipazione a iniziative di movimenti per il diritto alla casa e dall’analisi di dati secondari e documenti istituzionali relativi alle politiche abitative e migratorie. I risultati mostrano come la dimensione economica rivesta un ruolo centrale nell’accesso alla casa per i migranti, consentendo non solo di sostenere i costi abitativi, ma anche di accedere ad ulteriori risorse, come reti sociali o intermediari, e di attenuare gli effetti della discriminazione. In particolare, la posizione nel mercato del lavoro, in termini di reddito, stabilità occupazionale e prospettive professionali, influenza significativamente le condizioni di accesso al mercato abitativo e la probabilità che le candidature dei migranti vengano selezionate. In risposta a tali dinamiche, i candidati stranieri mettono spesso in atto performance come “good tenant” e “good migrant”, dimostrando affidabilità economica, ambizioni professionali e disponibilità ad aderire agli standard locali di successo e integrazione. La predominanza dei fattori materiali ed economici contribuisce ad accentuare le divisioni di classe, visibili anche nella distribuzione spaziale dei gruppi migranti nell’area urbana. Queste dinamiche riflettono gli effetti combinati di regimi migratori selettivi, politiche urbane orientate alla competitività e mercati abitativi fortemente mercificati. In tali contesti, il denaro, insieme alle risorse e alle capacità che consente di mobilitare, emerge come il fattore più determinante nell’(in)accessibilità abitativa per i migranti. Le disuguaglianze nell’accesso alla casa tra migranti rivelano così più ampie fratture socio-economiche e razziali nelle città contemporanee. Adottare una prospettiva di classe nell’analisi dell’(in)accessibilità abitativa per i migranti appare pertanto fondamentale per superare semplificazioni e binarismi come quella tra stranieri e nativi e tra “noi” e “loro”, e per contribuire allo sviluppo di politiche abitative capaci di garantire un accesso equo alla casa indipendentemente dalla nazionalità o dal background migratorio.
Class matters for migrants’ housing (in)accessibility: the conditions, processes, and strategies to gain housing access for migrants in Zurich’s Urban Area
Beatrice Olga Margherita, Meloni
2026
Abstract
Housing (in)accessibility is exerting pressure across several European cities, and gaining access to housing is becoming increasingly difficult for a broader range of inhabitants, notably in those Western cities considered competitive and attractive. Challenges in housing access for disadvantaged groups have always been prevalent in these cities, but in the last decade, as housing pressure has also affected the middle classes, and sometimes the upper-middle classes, the debate has relentlessly entered the media and political discourses. Even when policymakers and housing providers try to tackle the problem, what is built is hardly affordable, and even when below the market prices, it is not automatically accessible to people in need. In housing studies, migrants are recognized as one of the most vulnerable groups; research points to specific obstacles they encounter in accessing dwellings, leading to indecent, precarious, unaffordable, and segregated housing solutions. However, the relationship between housing and migration has been mainly studied from the perspective of the unprivileged, and by country of origin, legal status, or time of arrival. Not much research has been performed on housing access for migrants from the lens of class, looking at both privileged and unprivileged migration. Additionally, most literature on housing and migration tends to associate migrants with ethnic minorities, reinforcing an ethnicity-centered understanding of who is a migrant and risking reproducing binarism and inequalities. Contrary to these positions, this thesis points out that not all migrants are disadvantaged in socio-economic terms nor belong to ethnic minorities, and tries to go toward a more nuanced understanding of their position in the housing market by adding a class perspective. Accordingly, the objective of this research is to understand why, how, and for whom class determines the housing access conditions, processes, and strategies for migrant groups belonging to the lower- and upper classes in the Zurich urban area, an economically competitive and attractive context that is witnessing a consistent immigration influx and a severe housing pressure. More precisely, I ask: What are the conditions under which lower- and upper-class migrants gain access to the urban rental housing market? How does class influence the process of making housing (in)accessible for migrants? For whom (which migrants) do class-based strategies succeed in securing housing access? To answer these research questions, I conducted 33 in-depth qualitative interviews with housing experts, housing professionals, and migrant tenants of urban rental housing in Zurich, carried out 12 site visits, and participated in 7 housing movement initiatives. I additionally analyzed secondary data, institutional documentation, and regulations on housing and migration at the national, cantonal, and municipal levels. The goal is to: (1) First analyze the political, spatial, socio-economic, racial and migration history conditions that determine housing (in)accessibility for lower- and upper-class migrants; (2) Second, study the housing access process for migrants, from housing search, through viewings and application, to final selection and allocation, looking at class-based dynamics; (3) Third, focus on individual material and immaterial strategies deployed in the housing access process in terms of class-based resources and performances. The goal is to understand their impact on housing (in)accessibility—encompassing housing affordability, housing location and proximity, neighborhood and housing quality, housing pathways and trajectories, and housing security and precarity—for migrants by class. My key finding is that the economic dimension plays a more prominent role in securing housing for migrants, enabling access to additional resources, such as contact with gatekeepers and time resources, while also mitigating the effects of discrimination. Specifically, the labor position—such as labor income, employment status, job security, and prospects—significantly influences the access conditions to the housing market, the extent to which migrants’ applications are selected, and the capability to meet their housing needs and aspirations. In response, foreign applicants perform as ‘good tenants’ and ‘good migrants’ in the housing access process to meet housing access criteria and broader societal expectations. These performances are often expressed in economic terms, such as demonstrating financial capacity, career aspirations, and being willing to integrate according to local standards of professional success. The predominance of material and economic factors deepens class divides, which become evident in the spatial and residential distribution of migrant groups in the urban area. This reflects the combined effects of restrictive and selective migration regimes, as well as insufficient or ineffective housing policies. This thesis demonstrates that, in contexts where migration regulations facilitate the settlement of privileged migrants, urban policies prioritize competitive development, and the housing market is dominated by economic players, money —with the resources it confers and the performances it enables— is the most decisive factor in housing (in)accessibility for migrants. Migrants’ inequalities in housing access thus illuminate broader systemic socio-economic racial divides in cities where class stratification appears to be shifting toward the extremes. Accordingly, to inform urgently needed housing policies in highly commodified and exclusive markets, further research must adopt a class perspective on housing (in)accessibility for migrants. A class-based approach to this issue can help move beyond simplistic ‘foreigner’ vs. ‘national’, ‘us’ vs. ‘them’ distinctions and contribute to the broader goal of ensuring accessible housing for all, regardless of nationality or migration background.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/364427
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-364427