Forest fires are becoming increasingly frequent and intense due to climate change, with profound impacts on forest ecosystems. Among the most vulnerable components is the soil microbiome, which plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological functions and supporting plant growth. This thesis aimed to clarify how fire reshapes soil microbial communities and how this, in turn, affects plant health. First, through a literature review we built a model linking fire, the soil microbiome, fungal pathogens, and plant health. It emerged that fire can both reduce the abundance of pathogens and create conditions favorable to their proliferation, especially in scenarios of climatic stress. Second, a global meta-analysis integrated data from different ecosystems to assess how fire affects microbial diversity and community assembly processes. The analysis revealed a consistent reduction in fungal diversity, dispersal, and niche breadth, while bacterial responses were more variable and strongly mediated by soil properties such as pH, nutrient availability, and moisture. Third, an experimental study conducted in Mediterranean forests subject to recurrent fire events examined the soil biota, considering different microbial groups. Overall, no generalized effects emerged between burned and unburned soils, but analyses for individual groups revealed divergent responses: communities of bacteria, fungi and arthropods showed losses in diversity and network stability, while communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were more resilient. In all communities, fire reduced niche breadth, indicating a convergence towards taxa specialized in post-fire conditions. Lastly, through a microcosm experiment with Quercus ilex seedlings, different fire regimes were simulated to assess how they can influence the virulence of the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. The results showed that high-intensity, short-duration fires increase the likelihood of disease, while low-intensity, short-duration fires, similar to prescribed burning, attenuate the progression of the disease. This study provides the first experimental evidence of the modulating role of fire in plant–pathogen interactions, opening new perspectives in forest and plant health management. Overall, the thesis highlights that forest fires have differentiated but profound effects on the soil microbiome, with consequences that are also reflected in plant-pathogen dynamics. By integrating different approaches, this work offers a comprehensive view of the role of fire in forest systems, contributing to the advancement of ecological knowledge and the development of more sustainable and climate change-resilient management strategies.
Gli incendi boschivi stanno diventando sempre più frequenti e intensi a causa dei cambiamenti climatici, con impatti profondi sugli ecosistemi forestali. Tra i componenti più vulnerabili vi è il microbioma del suolo, che svolge un ruolo cruciale nel mantenimento delle funzioni ecologiche e nel sostegno alla crescita delle piante. Questa tesi ha avuto l’obiettivo di chiarire in che modo il fuoco rimodella le comunità microbiche del suolo e come questo, a sua volta, influenzi la salute delle piante. In primo luogo, attraverso una revisione della letteratura, è stato elaborato un modello che collega il fuoco, il microbioma del suolo, i patogeni fungini e la salute delle piante. È emerso che il fuoco può sia ridurre l’abbondanza dei patogeni sia creare condizioni favorevoli alla loro proliferazione, soprattutto in scenari di stress climatico. In secondo luogo, una meta-analisi globale ha integrato dati provenienti da diversi ecosistemi per valutare come il fuoco influenzi la diversità microbica e sui processi di assemblaggio delle comunità. L’analisi ha evidenziato una riduzione coerente della diversità fungina, della capacità di dispersione e dell’ampiezza di nicchia, mentre le risposte batteriche sono risultate più variabili e fortemente mediate da proprietà del suolo come pH, disponibilità di nutrienti e umidità. In terzo luogo, uno studio sperimentale condotto in foreste mediterranee soggette a ricorrenti eventi di fuoco ha analizzato il biota del suolo considerando diversi gruppi microbici. Nel complesso, non sono emersi effetti generalizzati tra suoli bruciati e non bruciati, ma le analisi sui singoli gruppi hanno rivelato risposte divergenti: batteri, funghi e artropodi hanno mostrato perdite di diversità e stabilità, mentre le micorizze vescicolo-arbusculari sono risultate più resilienti. In tutte le comunità il fuoco ha ridotto l’ampiezza di nicchia, indicando una convergenza verso taxa specializzati nelle condizioni post-incendio. Infine, attraverso un esperimento in microcosmo con piantine di Quercus ilex, sono stati simulati diversi regimi di fuoco per valutare come questi possano influenzare la virulenza del patogeno tellurico Phytophthora cinnamomi. I risultati hanno mostrato che gli incendi ad alta intensità e breve durata aumentano la probabilità di malattia, mentre quelli di bassa intensità e breve durata, simili al fuoco prescritto, ne attenuano la progressione. Questo studio fornisce la prima evidenza sperimentale del ruolo modulante del fuoco nelle interazioni pianta–patogeno, aprendo nuove prospettive nella gestione forestale e fitosanitaria. Nel complesso, la tesi evidenzia che gli incendi boschivi hanno effetti differenziati ma profondi sul microbioma del suolo, con conseguenze che si riflettono anche sulle dinamiche pianta–patogeno. Integrando diversi approcci, questo lavoro offre una visione completa del ruolo del fuoco nei sistemi forestali, contribuendo all’avanzamento delle conoscenze ecologiche e allo sviluppo di strategie gestionali più sostenibili e resilienti ai cambiamenti climatici.
THE RESPONSE OF THE SOIL MICROBIOME TO WILDFIRES AND THE CONSEQUENCES FOR PLANT HEALTH
Vizzari, Giuseppina
2026
Abstract
Forest fires are becoming increasingly frequent and intense due to climate change, with profound impacts on forest ecosystems. Among the most vulnerable components is the soil microbiome, which plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological functions and supporting plant growth. This thesis aimed to clarify how fire reshapes soil microbial communities and how this, in turn, affects plant health. First, through a literature review we built a model linking fire, the soil microbiome, fungal pathogens, and plant health. It emerged that fire can both reduce the abundance of pathogens and create conditions favorable to their proliferation, especially in scenarios of climatic stress. Second, a global meta-analysis integrated data from different ecosystems to assess how fire affects microbial diversity and community assembly processes. The analysis revealed a consistent reduction in fungal diversity, dispersal, and niche breadth, while bacterial responses were more variable and strongly mediated by soil properties such as pH, nutrient availability, and moisture. Third, an experimental study conducted in Mediterranean forests subject to recurrent fire events examined the soil biota, considering different microbial groups. Overall, no generalized effects emerged between burned and unburned soils, but analyses for individual groups revealed divergent responses: communities of bacteria, fungi and arthropods showed losses in diversity and network stability, while communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were more resilient. In all communities, fire reduced niche breadth, indicating a convergence towards taxa specialized in post-fire conditions. Lastly, through a microcosm experiment with Quercus ilex seedlings, different fire regimes were simulated to assess how they can influence the virulence of the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. The results showed that high-intensity, short-duration fires increase the likelihood of disease, while low-intensity, short-duration fires, similar to prescribed burning, attenuate the progression of the disease. This study provides the first experimental evidence of the modulating role of fire in plant–pathogen interactions, opening new perspectives in forest and plant health management. Overall, the thesis highlights that forest fires have differentiated but profound effects on the soil microbiome, with consequences that are also reflected in plant-pathogen dynamics. By integrating different approaches, this work offers a comprehensive view of the role of fire in forest systems, contributing to the advancement of ecological knowledge and the development of more sustainable and climate change-resilient management strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/364947
URN:NBN:IT:UNIRC-364947