SMEs in the agrifood sector, involving interconnected actors whose competences are key to rural development and food security, displayed socio-economic resilience in Ghana, Italy, and the Canadian egg agrifood chain. Despite their hard work, they struggle with challenges that hinder progress in the egg agrifood chain, primarily due to costs, regulations, structural constraints, and poor investment. However, impacts vary across these case studies. The project investigates the role of capacity building in enhancing the integration and competitiveness of egg agrifood chains in three countries: Ghana, Italy, and Canada. The study was conducted in two major phases, employing both primary and secondary data sources through a mixed-methods, comparative case study approach to link empirical data with a contextual understanding of the objectives of this research survey. Due to the limited availability of primary data, the first phase of the methodology relied on survey data collected from agrifood SMEs in Ghana. The second phase employed a comparative case study approach, relying on secondary data sources to assess context-specific drivers and cross-cutting patterns across Ghana, Italy, and Canada. The empirical findings from Ghana indicate that the sector is dominated by SMEs engaged in production, trading, and food service, with traders playing a key role in the egg supply chain, acting as essential intermediaries connecting producers with consumers. These traders gather, package, and transport eggs to both rural and urban markets. Additionally, the regression analysis confirms that employee training programs and community engagement significantly reduce post-harvest losses, thereby improving the efficiency of the egg agrifood chain. Furthermore, the findings show that most SMEs (68% of respondents) are members of business associations and benefit from collaboration and improved market access. Based on the outcome of the Recognizing Prior Learning (RPL) assessment of knowledge and skills, training needs are highest in areas such as proper storage and handling, record keeping, poultry health, and biosecurity management; consequently, a tailored capacity-building pathway was developed and recommended as a measure to enhance training and skills development. The significant challenges identified through the survey include insufficient capital, limited access to credit facilities, and other operational and structural difficulties. Compared with Italy and Canada, formalized chains, cooperation, and industry integration help strengthen their position in the global egg market. In Ghana, the egg agrifood chain primarily operates informally and is fragmented, indicating poor linkages and cooperation among value chain actors. Multiple systemic challenges and an influx of an unskilled workforce, especially in production, undermine Ghana's egg industry. In Italy and Canada, challenges such as high production costs and compliance pressures exist, yet these are addressed through institutional support, funding, and innovation schemes. Ghana's policies aim to boost agriculture through programs like RFJ, FGP, and GPP. Yet, these efforts are fragmented, short-lived, limited in skill-building, and overly reliant on external aid, despite providing temporary support. The agrifood sectors in Canada and Italy benefit from comprehensive regulations, training, and robust institutional frameworks, all of which drive their competitiveness success. This research recommends that government policies support the industrial requirements of the agrifood system. We also need to adapt lessons from Italy's cooperative model and Canada's supply management to strengthen cooperative SMEs, enhance institutional coordination, prioritize training and skill development in the industry, and implement measures to improve access to credit. Based on these findings, the study introduces an integrated capacity-building framework for Ghana's egg agrifood chain that combines cooperative organization, structured skills development, and enabling infrastructure as key pillars to improve value chain integration and competitiveness. The agrifood chains will be better integrated and more competitive through these strategies, thereby supporting rural growth and food security.
Le PMI del settore agroalimentare, che coinvolgono attori interconnessi le cui competenze sono fondamentali per lo sviluppo rurale e la sicurezza alimentare, hanno mostrato resilienza socio-economica in Ghana, Italia e nella filiera agroalimentare delle uova in Canada. Nonostante il loro impegno, affrontano sfide che ostacolano il progresso nella filiera delle uova, principalmente a causa dei costi, delle normative, dei vincoli strutturali e dei limitati investimenti. Tuttavia, gli impatti variano nei diversi casi di studio. Il progetto analizza il ruolo del rafforzamento delle capacità (capacity building) nel migliorare l’integrazione e la competitività delle filiere agroalimentari delle uova in tre paesi: Ghana, Italia e Canada. Lo studio è stato condotto in due fasi principali, utilizzando dati primari e secondari attraverso un approccio comparativo basato su metodi misti, al fine di collegare i dati empirici a una comprensione contestuale degli obiettivi della ricerca. A causa della limitata disponibilità di dati primari, la prima fase si è basata su dati di indagine raccolti da PMI agroalimentari in Ghana. La seconda fase ha adottato un approccio di studio di caso comparativo, facendo affidamento su fonti secondarie per analizzare i fattori specifici di contesto e i modelli trasversali tra Ghana, Italia e Canada. I risultati empirici relativi al Ghana indicano che il settore è dominato da PMI attive nella produzione, nel commercio e nei servizi alimentari, con i commercianti che svolgono un ruolo chiave nella catena di approvvigionamento delle uova, fungendo da intermediari essenziali tra produttori e consumatori. Questi operatori raccolgono, confezionano e trasportano le uova verso mercati sia rurali sia urbani. Inoltre, l’analisi di regressione conferma che i programmi di formazione dei dipendenti e il coinvolgimento della comunità riducono significativamente le perdite post-raccolta, migliorando così l’efficienza della filiera. I risultati mostrano anche che la maggior parte delle PMI (68% degli intervistati) è membro di associazioni di categoria e beneficia della collaborazione e di un migliore accesso al mercato. Sulla base dei risultati della valutazione del riconoscimento dell’apprendimento pregresso (RPL), i fabbisogni formativi risultano più elevati in ambiti quali la corretta conservazione e gestione dei prodotti, la tenuta dei registri, la salute del pollame e la gestione della biosicurezza; di conseguenza, è stato sviluppato e raccomandato un percorso di capacity building su misura per rafforzare la formazione e lo sviluppo delle competenze. Le principali criticità individuate includono insufficienza di capitale, accesso limitato al credito e altre difficoltà operative e strutturali. Rispetto a Italia e Canada, le filiere più formalizzate, la cooperazione e l’integrazione industriale contribuiscono a rafforzare la loro posizione nel mercato globale delle uova. In Ghana, la filiera agroalimentare delle uova opera prevalentemente in modo informale ed è frammentata, evidenziando scarsi collegamenti e limitata cooperazione tra gli attori della catena del valore. Diverse sfide sistemiche e l’ingresso di forza lavoro non qualificata, soprattutto nella produzione, compromettono ulteriormente il settore. In Italia e Canada, pur esistendo problematiche come gli elevati costi di produzione e le pressioni normative, queste vengono affrontate grazie a supporto istituzionale, finanziamenti e innovazione. In Ghana, le politiche mirano a sostenere l’agricoltura attraverso programmi come RFJ, FGP e GPP; tuttavia, tali iniziative risultano frammentate, di breve durata, limitate nello sviluppo delle competenze e fortemente dipendenti da aiuti esterni, pur offrendo un supporto temporaneo. I settori agroalimentari in Canada e Italia beneficiano invece di regolamentazioni solide, formazione strutturata e sistemi istituzionali robusti, che ne rafforzano la competitività. La ricerca raccomanda che le politiche governative sostengano le esigenze industriali del sistema agroalimentare. È inoltre necessario adattare le lezioni apprese dal modello cooperativo italiano e dal sistema di gestione dell’offerta canadese per rafforzare le PMI cooperative, migliorare il coordinamento istituzionale, dare priorità alla formazione e allo sviluppo delle competenze e facilitare l’accesso al credito. Sulla base di questi risultati, lo studio propone un quadro integrato di capacity building per la filiera delle uova in Ghana, fondato su organizzazione cooperativa, sviluppo strutturato delle competenze e infrastrutture abilitanti, come pilastri fondamentali per migliorare l’integrazione e la competitività della filiera. Attraverso queste strategie, le filiere agroalimentari potranno diventare più integrate e competitive, contribuendo allo sviluppo rurale e alla sicurezza alimentare.
Rural Capacity Building and its role in supporting the integration and competitiveness of Agrifood chains. A comparative analysis of three case studies: Italy, Canada, and Ghana
Habibu, Nazir Mohammed
2026
Abstract
SMEs in the agrifood sector, involving interconnected actors whose competences are key to rural development and food security, displayed socio-economic resilience in Ghana, Italy, and the Canadian egg agrifood chain. Despite their hard work, they struggle with challenges that hinder progress in the egg agrifood chain, primarily due to costs, regulations, structural constraints, and poor investment. However, impacts vary across these case studies. The project investigates the role of capacity building in enhancing the integration and competitiveness of egg agrifood chains in three countries: Ghana, Italy, and Canada. The study was conducted in two major phases, employing both primary and secondary data sources through a mixed-methods, comparative case study approach to link empirical data with a contextual understanding of the objectives of this research survey. Due to the limited availability of primary data, the first phase of the methodology relied on survey data collected from agrifood SMEs in Ghana. The second phase employed a comparative case study approach, relying on secondary data sources to assess context-specific drivers and cross-cutting patterns across Ghana, Italy, and Canada. The empirical findings from Ghana indicate that the sector is dominated by SMEs engaged in production, trading, and food service, with traders playing a key role in the egg supply chain, acting as essential intermediaries connecting producers with consumers. These traders gather, package, and transport eggs to both rural and urban markets. Additionally, the regression analysis confirms that employee training programs and community engagement significantly reduce post-harvest losses, thereby improving the efficiency of the egg agrifood chain. Furthermore, the findings show that most SMEs (68% of respondents) are members of business associations and benefit from collaboration and improved market access. Based on the outcome of the Recognizing Prior Learning (RPL) assessment of knowledge and skills, training needs are highest in areas such as proper storage and handling, record keeping, poultry health, and biosecurity management; consequently, a tailored capacity-building pathway was developed and recommended as a measure to enhance training and skills development. The significant challenges identified through the survey include insufficient capital, limited access to credit facilities, and other operational and structural difficulties. Compared with Italy and Canada, formalized chains, cooperation, and industry integration help strengthen their position in the global egg market. In Ghana, the egg agrifood chain primarily operates informally and is fragmented, indicating poor linkages and cooperation among value chain actors. Multiple systemic challenges and an influx of an unskilled workforce, especially in production, undermine Ghana's egg industry. In Italy and Canada, challenges such as high production costs and compliance pressures exist, yet these are addressed through institutional support, funding, and innovation schemes. Ghana's policies aim to boost agriculture through programs like RFJ, FGP, and GPP. Yet, these efforts are fragmented, short-lived, limited in skill-building, and overly reliant on external aid, despite providing temporary support. The agrifood sectors in Canada and Italy benefit from comprehensive regulations, training, and robust institutional frameworks, all of which drive their competitiveness success. This research recommends that government policies support the industrial requirements of the agrifood system. We also need to adapt lessons from Italy's cooperative model and Canada's supply management to strengthen cooperative SMEs, enhance institutional coordination, prioritize training and skill development in the industry, and implement measures to improve access to credit. Based on these findings, the study introduces an integrated capacity-building framework for Ghana's egg agrifood chain that combines cooperative organization, structured skills development, and enabling infrastructure as key pillars to improve value chain integration and competitiveness. The agrifood chains will be better integrated and more competitive through these strategies, thereby supporting rural growth and food security.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/365059
URN:NBN:IT:UNICATT-365059