This research tries to develop a set of practical methodology to rehabilitate the walled historic centers in the frame of Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach, to identify and reshape an unique, integrate urban landscape of Xi’an Walled City (XWC) in the residential rehabilitation process. The city of Xi’an, (aka. Chang’an) is used to be the capital of ancient China for centuries. Xi’an Walled City was built in Ming dynasty (1374 AD.) overlapping many layers from glorious history. The great masterpiece itself is presenting the Chinese city planning spirit and philosophy through its 3000 years history. XWC is sitting in the geometric center of metropolitan modern city, which without doubt has the potential to be a live monument and a prefect record of China’s urban history. However, starting the end of 20th century, due to the rapid and uncontrolled urban redevelopment, the city of Xi’an has experienced extensive deconstructions and regeneration in the built urban area, which leading to spatial and social fragmentation especially in the walled city region. In this intensive urban change, Xi’an lost her historic urban landscape as a ancient city: massive urban construction taking over the urban spaces which are composed by historic landscape. This is not only by means of the physical elements but also the social and organizational structure pass on from the traditional old city. With the numinous insertion in the old city and large scale of unrestrained demolition of “dilapidated building”, original physical urban fabric and social structure is heavily damaged. The replacement of traditional architecture with the modern ones in the city is taking place in almost every corner of the city. Accumulatively, the characteristic historic urban landscape is fading away, the historic city is in the danger of turning into another homogeneous modern city in the wave of urbanization. Although people have realized this phenomenon, in the urbanization process, it’s very difficult to correct the errors with a reliable and efficient approach. As the regeneration of city occurring, urban heritages as monuments are recognized as the constitute key resources to enhance the livability and forester socio-economic conditions. In the conventional urban conservation practice, those urban heritages took almost all attention ways from planner and citizens. Thus, in the contemporary city of Xi’an, tons of well protected “heritage points” isolated in the non-related urban backgrounds like the urban island. On the contrary, the “background” components of the city landscape (including the tangible and intangible environments) are mostly neglected. The most prominent is reflected in the renewal of urban houses. The economic growth has alleviated poverty in Xi’an but at the same time has transformed essence of the historic areas specially in XWC. Dilemma in the large demand of the new and responsibility of preserving the precious old architecture, the city of Xi’an presents us the coexistence but in the separate stage. For one thing, the urban heritages with great importance are well conserved as monuments in the urban spaces, for another, those heritage are standing in the built environment and landscape with no mutual relationship to themselves. The complex palimpsest of signs, memories and overwriting that time has layered on built forms open questions of meaning that can be untangled only in the relationship between history, site and design. The new insertion of residential architecture in this old town are not carefully deliberate for the past decades. Nowadays, it’s necessary for the core historic area of Xi’an to achieve the balance between the urban growth and quality of dwelling environment in a harmony and sustainable way. However, it is yet not clearly defined how to work delicately with this ancient city to preserve the historic landscape as whole. In the name of promoting deterioration of the quality of the urban built environment, the insertion of modern architecture leading degraded areas desertion in XWC that historic building typologies and organizational structure are disappearing rapidly on the major architectures apart from the heritages. Local population as culture carrier are facing the replacement, as an old city core, XWC is gradually losing its identity and characteristic as whole cultural milieu and magnet and turning to a homogeneous urban landscape during this rapid urban transformation process. Base on the result of urban renew in the past 3 decades, the conventional conservation plan and approach have it’s drawbacks on guiding the intensive urban changes. Although there are conservation rule since the modern movements arrives, when face to the urbanization driven by the power of capital, they are apparently either fall into too general “talk in paper”. Even the ones that could carry out in practice, they could only focus on the historic monuments. For the living environment the citizens and those heritages stays in, there are few considerations. Majority residential buildings are renewing drastically under ambiguous guidance and regulations, almost no predominated and structural maintenance strategies are promoted. To protect the historic urban landscape as an ancient city core, there is urgent need to propose a integrate approach in a sustainable development framework that can apply in a range of traditional and innovative tools adapted to local contexts. The Historic Urban Landscape approach (HUL) is adopted as an instrument to preserve the quality and historic, culture, socio-economic value of built environment of Xi’an in this research. Among the key traits to distinguish HUL, the state of residential buildings is often undermined and paid least attention in the conventional urban planning approaches. They are not treated as a component of urban landscape traits like the culture milieus in the conventional urban regeneration methods in Xi’an. As the majority architecture in XWC, a large portion of urban area continuously regenerated by the homogeneous residential with no difference approaches and values. However, their attributes impact the urban landscape of XWC decisively. This research aims at explicit strategies that deals with the matter of integrating and organizing the quality resources that Xi’an inherits from history, to produce living environment with wealthy, quality, and identity regarding the rehabilitation in XWC. Referencing the basic components of historic urban landscape by definitions, this research tries to apply a wide range of innovative approaches and set a pilot model in local context in Chinese historic cities. In this research, applied approaches include documentation, assessment, interpretation and mapping of historic and culture characteristics elements to support and facilitate decision making process into concrete scenarios and development framework to regenerate the historic city core in Xi’an. Under the pre-condition of protecting the integrity and authenticity urban landscape in the walled city, this research is aiming to define the meaning of urban landscape in contemporary XWC, reinforce it by revitalizing residential architectures and urban living environment in variety urban units, to sew scattered urban landscape into a holistic historic walled city context. Thus, the main process can be interpreted in 3 steps, Step I Analyses and state of the art; Step II Urban Landscape Units (ULU) delineation; Step III Interpretation of Landscape Unit and engaging the treatments to the residential in ULU. The contribution of this study has been confirmed two major questions: First, state a clear HUL connotation of XWC as a definition, giving the precise definition of what is Historic landscape of Xi’an Walled City. Integrating the Historic Urban Landscape in XWC as a whole urban region, qualifying and enhancing the characteristic of unique historic center of Xi’an. Second, with the integrated vision of Historic Urban Landscape, apply the residential regeneration operation guidance in XWC. Reinforce the HUL of XWC by revitalize the pilot area with corresponding set of goals and solutions. Explain how to engage a full regeneration process in specific communities in XWC, through which are expecting to improve and shape up the historic landscape of XWC. By integrating the HUL approach in XWC, this research tries to identify, assess, conserve and manage the historic urban landscape in XWC, applying both the traditional and innovative tools into the contemporary city with the regeneration of residential in XWC. HUL framework plays a salient role on improving urban livability. By interpreting the urbanization and relating the specific strategy to the physical propose perceptible forms in pilot area, there is high hope to implement into other ULU units with homogeneous qualities according to the HUL definitions and frameworks. The study is expected to serve as a representative example to inspire following rehabilitation research of historic centers in China.
Questa ricerca cerca di sviluppare una serie di metodologie pratiche per riabilitare i centri storici murati nella cornice dell'approccio Historic Urban Landscape (HUL), per identificare e rimodellare un paesaggio urbano unico e integrato di Xi'an Walled City (XWC) nel residenziale processo di riabilitazione. La città di Xi'an, (alias Chang'an) è stata per secoli la capitale dell'antica Cina. La città murata di Xi'an fu costruita durante la dinastia Ming (1374 d.C.) sovrapponendo molti strati della gloriosa storia. Il grande capolavoro stesso presenta lo spirito e la filosofia dell'urbanistica cinese attraverso i suoi 3000 anni di storia. XWC si trova nel centro geometrico della moderna città metropolitana, che senza dubbio ha il potenziale per essere un monumento vivo e una testimonianza perfetta della storia urbana della Cina. Tuttavia, a partire dalla fine del XX secolo, a causa della rapida e incontrollata riqualificazione urbana, la città di Xi'an ha subito vaste decostruzioni e rigenerazioni nell'area urbana edificata, che hanno portato alla frammentazione spaziale e sociale soprattutto nella regione della città murata. In questo intenso cambiamento urbano, Xi'an ha perso il suo paesaggio urbano storico come una città antica: una massiccia costruzione urbana che prende il sopravvento sugli spazi urbani che sono composti dal paesaggio storico. Questo non è solo per mezzo degli elementi fisici, ma anche della struttura sociale e organizzativa tramandata dalla tradizionale città vecchia. Con l'inserimento numeroso nella città vecchia e la demolizione sfrenata su vasta scala di “edificio fatiscente”, il tessuto urbano fisico originario e la struttura sociale sono pesantemente danneggiati. La sostituzione dell'architettura tradizionale con quelle moderne in città si sta verificando in quasi ogni angolo della città. Complessivamente, il caratteristico paesaggio urbano storico sta svanendo, la città storica rischia di trasformarsi in un'altra città moderna omogenea nell'onda dell'urbanizzazione. Sebbene le persone si siano rese conto di questo fenomeno, nel processo di urbanizzazione è molto difficile correggere gli errori con un approccio affidabile ed efficiente. Con la rigenerazione della città, i patrimoni urbani come monumenti sono riconosciuti come risorse chiave per migliorare la vivibilità e le condizioni socio-economiche della foresta. Nella pratica di conservazione urbana convenzionale, quei patrimoni urbani hanno preso quasi tutti i modi di attenzione da pianificatore e cittadini. Così, nella città contemporanea di Xi'an, tonnellate di "punti del patrimonio" ben protetti isolati in contesti urbani non correlati come l'isola urbana. Al contrario, le componenti “di fondo” del paesaggio urbano (inclusi gli ambienti tangibili e immateriali) sono per lo più trascurate. Il più importante si riflette nel rinnovamento delle case urbane. La crescita economica ha alleviato la povertà a Xi'an ma allo stesso tempo ha trasformato l'essenza delle aree storiche, specialmente nella XWC. Dilemma nella grande richiesta del nuovo e nella responsabilità di preservare la preziosa architettura antica, la città di Xi'an ci presenta la convivenza ma in una fase separata. Da un lato, i patrimoni urbani di grande importanza sono ben conservati come monumenti negli spazi urbani, dall'altro, quei beni si trovano nell'ambiente edificato e nel paesaggio senza alcuna relazione reciproca con se stessi. Il complesso palinsesto di segni, ricordi e sovrascritture che il tempo ha stratificato su forme costruite aprono interrogativi di senso che possono essere districati solo nel rapporto tra storia, luogo e design. Il nuovo inserimento dell'architettura residenziale in questo centro storico non è stato attentamente deliberato negli ultimi decenni. Al giorno d'oggi, è necessario che l'area storica centrale di Xi'an raggiunga l'equilibrio tra la crescita urbana e la qualità dell'ambiente abitativo in modo armonioso e sostenibile. Tuttavia, non è ancora chiaramente definito come lavorare delicatamente con questa antica città per preservare il paesaggio storico nel suo insieme. In nome della promozione del degrado della qualità dell'ambiente urbano costruito, l'inserimento di architetture moderne che portano all'abbandono delle aree degradate in XWC che le tipologie edilizie storiche e la struttura organizzativa stanno rapidamente scomparendo sulle maggiori architetture al di fuori dei patrimoni. La popolazione locale come vettore culturale sta affrontando la sostituzione, come nucleo storico della città, XWC sta gradualmente perdendo la sua identità e caratteristica come intero ambiente culturale e magnete, e si rivolge a un paesaggio urbano omogeneo durante questo rapido processo di trasformazione urbana. Basato sul risultato del rinnovamento urbano negli ultimi 3 decenni, il piano e l'approccio di conservazione convenzionali hanno gli svantaggi nel guidare i cambiamenti urbani intensivi. Sebbene ci siano regole di conservazione da quando arrivano i movimenti moderni, di fronte all'urbanizzazione guidata dal potere del capitale, apparentemente o cadono in un "discorso sulla carta" troppo generale. Anche quelli che potevano realizzare in pratica, potevano concentrarsi solo sui monumenti storici. Per l'ambiente di vita in cui i cittadini e quei patrimoni rimangono, ci sono poche considerazioni. La maggior parte degli edifici residenziali si sta rinnovando drasticamente sotto linee guida e normative ambigue, quasi nessuna strategia predominante e di manutenzione strutturale sono promosse. Per proteggere il paesaggio urbano storico come nucleo antico della città, è urgente proporre un approccio integrato in un quadro di sviluppo sostenibile che possa essere applicato in una gamma di strumenti tradizionali e innovativi adattati ai contesti locali. L'approccio del paesaggio urbano storico (HUL) è adottato come strumento per preservare la qualità e il valore storico, culturale e socio-economico dell'ambiente edificato di Xi'an in questa ricerca. Tra i tratti chiave per distinguere HUL, lo stato degli edifici residenziali è spesso minato e viene prestata la minima attenzione negli approcci di pianificazione urbana convenzionale. Non sono trattati come una componente dei tratti del paesaggio urbano come gli ambienti culturali nei metodi convenzionali di rigenerazione urbana a Xi'an. Come la maggior parte dell'architettura in XWC, una grande porzione di area urbana continuamente rigenerata dal residenziale omogeneo senza differenze di approcci e valori. Tuttavia, i loro attributi hanno un impatto decisivo sul paesaggio urbano di XWC. Questa ricerca mira a strategie esplicite che affrontino la questione dell'integrazione e dell'organizzazione delle risorse di qualità che Xi'an eredita dalla storia, per produrre un ambiente di vita ricco, di qualità e di identità per quanto riguarda la riabilitazione in XWC. Facendo riferimento alle componenti di base del paesaggio urbano storico per definizioni, questa ricerca cerca di applicare un'ampia gamma di approcci innovativi e impostare un modello pilota nel contesto locale nelle città storiche cinesi. In questa ricerca, gli approcci applicati includono la documentazione, la valutazione, l'interpretazione e la mappatura degli elementi delle caratteristiche storiche e culturali per supportare e facilitare il processo decisionale in scenari concreti e strutture di sviluppo per rigenerare il nucleo storico della città a Xi'an. Sotto la condizione di proteggere l'integrità e l'autenticità del paesaggio urbano nella città murata, questa ricerca mira a definire il significato del paesaggio urbano nel XWC contemporaneo, rafforzarlo rivitalizzando le architetture residenziali e l'ambiente di vita urbano in unità urbane di varietà, per cucire paesaggio urbano sparso in un contesto olistico storico della città murata. Pertanto, il processo principale può essere interpretato in 3 passaggi, Fase I Analisi e stato dell'arte; Fase II delineazione delle unità paesaggistiche urbane (ULU); Fase III Interpretazione dell'unità del paesaggio e coinvolgimento dei trattamenti al residenziale in ULU. Il contributo di questo studio è stato confermato da due grandi domande: Innanzitutto, indica una chiara connotazione HUL di XWC come definizione, fornendo la definizione precisa di ciò che è il paesaggio storico della città murata di Xi'an. Integrare il paesaggio urbano storico in XWC come un'intera regione urbana, qualificando e valorizzando le caratteristiche del centro storico unico di Xi'an. In secondo luogo, con la visione integrata del paesaggio urbano storico, applica la guida operativa di rigenerazione residenziale in XWC. Rafforzare l'HUL di XWC rivitalizzando l'area pilota con una serie di obiettivi e soluzioni corrispondenti. Spiegare come intraprendere un processo di rigenerazione completo in comunità specifiche in XWC, attraverso le quali si prevede di migliorare e dare forma al panorama storico di XWC. Integrando l'approccio HUL in XWC, questa ricerca cerca di identificare, valutare, conservare e gestire il paesaggio urbano storico in XWC, applicando gli strumenti tradizionali e innovativi alla città contemporanea con la rigenerazione del residenziale in XWC. Il quadro HUL gioca un ruolo saliente nel miglioramento della vivibilità urbana. Interpretando l'urbanizzazione e mettendo in relazione la strategia specifica con la proposta fisica di forme percettibili nell'area pilota, vi è una grande speranza di implementazione in altre unità ULU con qualità omogenee secondo le definizioni e le strutture HUL. Lo studio dovrebbe servire da esempio rappresentativo per ispirare le seguenti ricerche di riabilitazione dei centri storici in Cina.
Walled center regeneration in China: developing Historic Urban Landscape in Xi'an Walled City
Lu, Xu
2020
Abstract
This research tries to develop a set of practical methodology to rehabilitate the walled historic centers in the frame of Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach, to identify and reshape an unique, integrate urban landscape of Xi’an Walled City (XWC) in the residential rehabilitation process. The city of Xi’an, (aka. Chang’an) is used to be the capital of ancient China for centuries. Xi’an Walled City was built in Ming dynasty (1374 AD.) overlapping many layers from glorious history. The great masterpiece itself is presenting the Chinese city planning spirit and philosophy through its 3000 years history. XWC is sitting in the geometric center of metropolitan modern city, which without doubt has the potential to be a live monument and a prefect record of China’s urban history. However, starting the end of 20th century, due to the rapid and uncontrolled urban redevelopment, the city of Xi’an has experienced extensive deconstructions and regeneration in the built urban area, which leading to spatial and social fragmentation especially in the walled city region. In this intensive urban change, Xi’an lost her historic urban landscape as a ancient city: massive urban construction taking over the urban spaces which are composed by historic landscape. This is not only by means of the physical elements but also the social and organizational structure pass on from the traditional old city. With the numinous insertion in the old city and large scale of unrestrained demolition of “dilapidated building”, original physical urban fabric and social structure is heavily damaged. The replacement of traditional architecture with the modern ones in the city is taking place in almost every corner of the city. Accumulatively, the characteristic historic urban landscape is fading away, the historic city is in the danger of turning into another homogeneous modern city in the wave of urbanization. Although people have realized this phenomenon, in the urbanization process, it’s very difficult to correct the errors with a reliable and efficient approach. As the regeneration of city occurring, urban heritages as monuments are recognized as the constitute key resources to enhance the livability and forester socio-economic conditions. In the conventional urban conservation practice, those urban heritages took almost all attention ways from planner and citizens. Thus, in the contemporary city of Xi’an, tons of well protected “heritage points” isolated in the non-related urban backgrounds like the urban island. On the contrary, the “background” components of the city landscape (including the tangible and intangible environments) are mostly neglected. The most prominent is reflected in the renewal of urban houses. The economic growth has alleviated poverty in Xi’an but at the same time has transformed essence of the historic areas specially in XWC. Dilemma in the large demand of the new and responsibility of preserving the precious old architecture, the city of Xi’an presents us the coexistence but in the separate stage. For one thing, the urban heritages with great importance are well conserved as monuments in the urban spaces, for another, those heritage are standing in the built environment and landscape with no mutual relationship to themselves. The complex palimpsest of signs, memories and overwriting that time has layered on built forms open questions of meaning that can be untangled only in the relationship between history, site and design. The new insertion of residential architecture in this old town are not carefully deliberate for the past decades. Nowadays, it’s necessary for the core historic area of Xi’an to achieve the balance between the urban growth and quality of dwelling environment in a harmony and sustainable way. However, it is yet not clearly defined how to work delicately with this ancient city to preserve the historic landscape as whole. In the name of promoting deterioration of the quality of the urban built environment, the insertion of modern architecture leading degraded areas desertion in XWC that historic building typologies and organizational structure are disappearing rapidly on the major architectures apart from the heritages. Local population as culture carrier are facing the replacement, as an old city core, XWC is gradually losing its identity and characteristic as whole cultural milieu and magnet and turning to a homogeneous urban landscape during this rapid urban transformation process. Base on the result of urban renew in the past 3 decades, the conventional conservation plan and approach have it’s drawbacks on guiding the intensive urban changes. Although there are conservation rule since the modern movements arrives, when face to the urbanization driven by the power of capital, they are apparently either fall into too general “talk in paper”. Even the ones that could carry out in practice, they could only focus on the historic monuments. For the living environment the citizens and those heritages stays in, there are few considerations. Majority residential buildings are renewing drastically under ambiguous guidance and regulations, almost no predominated and structural maintenance strategies are promoted. To protect the historic urban landscape as an ancient city core, there is urgent need to propose a integrate approach in a sustainable development framework that can apply in a range of traditional and innovative tools adapted to local contexts. The Historic Urban Landscape approach (HUL) is adopted as an instrument to preserve the quality and historic, culture, socio-economic value of built environment of Xi’an in this research. Among the key traits to distinguish HUL, the state of residential buildings is often undermined and paid least attention in the conventional urban planning approaches. They are not treated as a component of urban landscape traits like the culture milieus in the conventional urban regeneration methods in Xi’an. As the majority architecture in XWC, a large portion of urban area continuously regenerated by the homogeneous residential with no difference approaches and values. However, their attributes impact the urban landscape of XWC decisively. This research aims at explicit strategies that deals with the matter of integrating and organizing the quality resources that Xi’an inherits from history, to produce living environment with wealthy, quality, and identity regarding the rehabilitation in XWC. Referencing the basic components of historic urban landscape by definitions, this research tries to apply a wide range of innovative approaches and set a pilot model in local context in Chinese historic cities. In this research, applied approaches include documentation, assessment, interpretation and mapping of historic and culture characteristics elements to support and facilitate decision making process into concrete scenarios and development framework to regenerate the historic city core in Xi’an. Under the pre-condition of protecting the integrity and authenticity urban landscape in the walled city, this research is aiming to define the meaning of urban landscape in contemporary XWC, reinforce it by revitalizing residential architectures and urban living environment in variety urban units, to sew scattered urban landscape into a holistic historic walled city context. Thus, the main process can be interpreted in 3 steps, Step I Analyses and state of the art; Step II Urban Landscape Units (ULU) delineation; Step III Interpretation of Landscape Unit and engaging the treatments to the residential in ULU. The contribution of this study has been confirmed two major questions: First, state a clear HUL connotation of XWC as a definition, giving the precise definition of what is Historic landscape of Xi’an Walled City. Integrating the Historic Urban Landscape in XWC as a whole urban region, qualifying and enhancing the characteristic of unique historic center of Xi’an. Second, with the integrated vision of Historic Urban Landscape, apply the residential regeneration operation guidance in XWC. Reinforce the HUL of XWC by revitalize the pilot area with corresponding set of goals and solutions. Explain how to engage a full regeneration process in specific communities in XWC, through which are expecting to improve and shape up the historic landscape of XWC. By integrating the HUL approach in XWC, this research tries to identify, assess, conserve and manage the historic urban landscape in XWC, applying both the traditional and innovative tools into the contemporary city with the regeneration of residential in XWC. HUL framework plays a salient role on improving urban livability. By interpreting the urbanization and relating the specific strategy to the physical propose perceptible forms in pilot area, there is high hope to implement into other ULU units with homogeneous qualities according to the HUL definitions and frameworks. The study is expected to serve as a representative example to inspire following rehabilitation research of historic centers in China.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/368570
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-368570