This thesis, a collection of three papers, analyses the complex process of artificial intelligence (AI) implementation in public administration (PA), with a specific focus on the European Union (EU) social and political system. The theoretical perspectives are drawn from several disciplines, as appropriate in PA studies, with a keen political science interest. As a contribution to theory, this thesis offers new viewpoints to a field characterised by several, often disconnected, research programs and theories. As a contribution to practice, this document offers public managers and policy makers new perspectives that can substantially contribute to improved AI implementation processes. While each individual paper does not specifically focus on policy recommendations, the work, in its totality, offers: (1) a reflection on the social and political dynamics behind AI implementation, both evident and submerged, and their capacity to sustain or impede outcomes; (2) a stimulating discussion on the overall role of public managers as both organisational directors, long-term sustainability centrepieces, and change catalysts; (3) a debunking and clarification on several misconceptions of AI and its specific role in the public sector today. The first paper, titled “Exploring new and old institutional pressures on public administration. AI national strategies in the EU read through the lenses of institutional theory”, starts the analysis from the macro level. Through this work I explored the forms of institutional pressure that arise from the most recent AI national strategies published by EU member states. Using discursive neo-institutionalist principles, I performed a thematic analysis to uncover traditional and new institutional dynamics. Through the discussion, I touched upon four elements: efficiency versus legitimacy gains through AI implementation, organisational change, the role of regulation and political discourse. The work is exploratory in nature, given the novelty and evolving nature of the work’s subject. In the conclusions I depart with a few directions for further institutional analysis. The second paper is titled “An inquiry on organisational culture: a key driver for a thriving public sector in the age of AI. A case study of Italian cities”. Focusing on the micro level, it presents the findings from an inquiry into organisational culture across several Italian cities. Its core purpose is to gain an empirical understanding of the values and beliefs that factor into AI implementation. The most endorsed conceptual models of AI adoption and implementation acknowledge organisational culture as a significant factor. However, its specifics are often not deepened, nor is its relationship with other factors thoroughly explored. Drawing upon Edgar Schein’s framework of organisational culture as a theoretical base, a case study analysis was alimented by semi-structured interviews. Organisational culture results at the centrepiece of several connected challenges in AI implementation, describing a cultural landscape that may discourage AI implementation if innovative and collaborative value systems are not developed. We discuss the relevance of these findings in relation to the Italian investment strategy for the digital transition of public administration. The third and last paper is titled “How regulatory compliance to the AI Act will shape AI implementation in the European public sector. Regulatory implications and sectoral trends”. This paper addresses the critical challenge of translating the complex, recently regulated environment of the EU into clear, actionable implications for policies and organisations. The research is based on the analysis of the general and specific norms target public sector organisations that deploy AI systems, visually synthetised. The identified obligations were translated into implications that can be incorporated into policies and organisational-level strategies.
Questa tesi, una raccolta di tre articoli, analizza il complesso processo di implementazione dell'intelligenza artificiale (IA) nella pubblica amministrazione (PA), con un focus specifico sul sistema sociale e politico dell'Unione Europea (UE). Le prospettive teoriche sono tratte da diverse discipline, con un forte interesse per le scienze politiche. Come contributo alla teoria, questa tesi offre nuovi punti di vista a un campo caratterizzato da diversi filoni di ricerca spesso disconnessi. Come contributo alla pratica, questo documento offre ai dirigenti pubblici e ai policy maker nuove prospettive che possono contribuire in modo sostanziale a migliorare i processi di implementazione dell'IA. Il lavoro offre una riflessione sulle dinamiche sociali e politiche dietro l'implementazione dell'IA, uno stimolo sul ruolo dei dirigenti pubblici come catalizzatori del cambiamento e una chiarificazione sull'IA come tecnologia con un ruolo specifico nel settore pubblico odierno. Il primo articolo, intitolato "Exploring new and old institutional pressures on public administration. AI national strategies in the EU read through the lenses of institutional theory", inizia l'analisi dal livello macro. Attraverso questo lavoro ho esplorato le forme di pressione istituzionale che emergono dalle più recenti strategie nazionali sull'IA pubblicate dagli Stati membri dell'UE. Utilizzando i principi del neo-istituzionalismo discorsivo, ho eseguito un'analisi tematica per scoprire dinamiche istituzionali sia tradizionali che nuove. Nella discussione, ho toccato quattro elementi: efficienza versus guadagni di legittimità tramite l'implementazione dell'IA, cambiamento organizzativo, il ruolo della regolamentazione e il discorso politico. Il lavoro è di natura esplorativa, data la novità e la natura evolutiva del suo oggetto. Nelle conclusioni, ho indicato alcune direzioni per ulteriori analisi istituzionali. Il secondo articolo è intitolato "An inquiry on organisational culture: a key driver for a thriving public sector in the age of AI. A case study of Italian cities". Concentrandosi sul livello micro, presenta i risultati di un'indagine sulla cultura organizzativa in diverse città italiane. Il suo scopo principale è ottenere una comprensione empirica dei valori e delle credenze che influiscono sull'implementazione dell'IA. I modelli concettuali più accreditati sull'adozione e implementazione dell'IA riconoscono la cultura organizzativa come un fattore significativo. Tuttavia, le sue specificità spesso non vengono approfondite, né la sua relazione con altri fattori esplorata a fondo. Basandosi sul framework di Edgar Schein sulla cultura organizzativa come base teorica, è stata condotta un'analisi di caso di studio alimentata da interviste semi-strutturate. La cultura organizzativa risulta essere al centro di diverse sfide connesse nell'implementazione dell'IA, descrivendo un panorama culturale che può scoraggiare l'implementazione dell'IA se non vengono sviluppati sistemi di valori innovativi e collaborativi. Si discute la pertinenza di questi risultati in relazione alla strategia di investimento italiana per la transizione digitale della pubblica amministrazione. Il terzo e ultimo articolo è intitolato "How regulatory compliance to the AI Act will shape AI implementation in the European public sector. Regulatory implications and sectoral trends". Questo articolo affronta la sfida critica di tradurre il complesso ambiente normativo recentemente regolamentato dell'UE in implicazioni chiare e attuabili per politiche e organizzazioni. La ricerca si basa sull'analisi delle norme generali e specifiche che riguardano le organizzazioni del settore pubblico che utilizzano sistemi di IA, sintetizzate visivamente. Gli obblighi identificati sono stati tradotti in implicazioni che possono essere incorporate nelle politiche e nelle strategie a livello organizzativo, con specifiche settoriali.
AI implementation in European public administration: institutional dynamics, cultural traits, and regulatory implications.
GRASSI, ALESSANDRO
2026
Abstract
This thesis, a collection of three papers, analyses the complex process of artificial intelligence (AI) implementation in public administration (PA), with a specific focus on the European Union (EU) social and political system. The theoretical perspectives are drawn from several disciplines, as appropriate in PA studies, with a keen political science interest. As a contribution to theory, this thesis offers new viewpoints to a field characterised by several, often disconnected, research programs and theories. As a contribution to practice, this document offers public managers and policy makers new perspectives that can substantially contribute to improved AI implementation processes. While each individual paper does not specifically focus on policy recommendations, the work, in its totality, offers: (1) a reflection on the social and political dynamics behind AI implementation, both evident and submerged, and their capacity to sustain or impede outcomes; (2) a stimulating discussion on the overall role of public managers as both organisational directors, long-term sustainability centrepieces, and change catalysts; (3) a debunking and clarification on several misconceptions of AI and its specific role in the public sector today. The first paper, titled “Exploring new and old institutional pressures on public administration. AI national strategies in the EU read through the lenses of institutional theory”, starts the analysis from the macro level. Through this work I explored the forms of institutional pressure that arise from the most recent AI national strategies published by EU member states. Using discursive neo-institutionalist principles, I performed a thematic analysis to uncover traditional and new institutional dynamics. Through the discussion, I touched upon four elements: efficiency versus legitimacy gains through AI implementation, organisational change, the role of regulation and political discourse. The work is exploratory in nature, given the novelty and evolving nature of the work’s subject. In the conclusions I depart with a few directions for further institutional analysis. The second paper is titled “An inquiry on organisational culture: a key driver for a thriving public sector in the age of AI. A case study of Italian cities”. Focusing on the micro level, it presents the findings from an inquiry into organisational culture across several Italian cities. Its core purpose is to gain an empirical understanding of the values and beliefs that factor into AI implementation. The most endorsed conceptual models of AI adoption and implementation acknowledge organisational culture as a significant factor. However, its specifics are often not deepened, nor is its relationship with other factors thoroughly explored. Drawing upon Edgar Schein’s framework of organisational culture as a theoretical base, a case study analysis was alimented by semi-structured interviews. Organisational culture results at the centrepiece of several connected challenges in AI implementation, describing a cultural landscape that may discourage AI implementation if innovative and collaborative value systems are not developed. We discuss the relevance of these findings in relation to the Italian investment strategy for the digital transition of public administration. The third and last paper is titled “How regulatory compliance to the AI Act will shape AI implementation in the European public sector. Regulatory implications and sectoral trends”. This paper addresses the critical challenge of translating the complex, recently regulated environment of the EU into clear, actionable implications for policies and organisations. The research is based on the analysis of the general and specific norms target public sector organisations that deploy AI systems, visually synthetised. The identified obligations were translated into implications that can be incorporated into policies and organisational-level strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/368668
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-368668