Anthropogenic harm is severe on aquatic ecosystems; 20 million tonnes of plastic enter aquatic ecosystems each year. Climate change causes ocean warming and acidification, destructive fishing practices and industrial runoffs exacerbate environmental damage. Hence, ocean conservation, and in particular coral-reef restoration, efforts, aligned with the 2030 UN Agenda, SDG 12 and SDG 14, are paramount. Coral reefs support 25% of marine species and benefit billions of people. Yet they have experienced substantial declines, with losses ranging from about 20% to 50%. A 2 °C global temperature rise could cause complete coral loss, highlighting the urgent need for effective restoration. Underwater robotics can scale and speed coral restoration by automating tasks and reducing labor. Both fields require innovative materials, adaptable, application-specific and ecologically safe if lost in the marine environment. This thesis aimed at addressing such challenge by developing smart, environmentally friendly materials for underwater applications, coral restoration and underwater robotics, with three distinct, but complementary, projects. The first involved the development of a conductive paste for coral attachment and boosting coral growth. The main coral restoration strategy is coral gardening which entails growing corals in nurseries and transplanting them onto reefs. Traditional attachment methods pose environmental risks or provide inefficient affixation. At the same time the paste provides corals with firm attachment, a solid substrate for growth, and enables Mineral Accretion Technology (MAT), to accelerate coral growth. It is a bicomponent formulation made of acrylate soybean-oil and graphene nanoplatelets. The paste hardens through mixing, reaching a strength of ≃ 5 MPa, it has a resistivity of 0.1 Ω∙m, with stable electrical properties for over 40 days in seawater. MAT trials show significant enhancement of coral growth rates within two weeks, doubling those of the control group. With the second project an antifouling composite was developed. Marine biofouling increases ship drag, fuel consumption, and CO₂ emissions, causing environmental damage. Current antifouling coatings depend on toxic and polluting materials. The developed antifouling biocomposite is biodegradable, non-toxic, processable as a thermoplastic and suitable for compression molding, 3D printing, and coatings on steel, glass and plastic. It combines a beeswax matrix with Tween 80 as natural antifoulant and calcium stearate or stearic acid fillers. When immersed in seawater, it maintained larger unfouled areas than conventional reference bioplastics. The antifouling effect arises from Tween-induced surface hydrophilization, which forms a hydration layer that suppresses protein adsorption and biofilm formation. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in seawater shows biodegradation during 30-day testing. The composite shows enhanced mechanics versus pure beeswax, retaining properties after 10 reprocessing cycles. The flexibility of this platform makes it ideal for demanding geometries and integration into underwater robotics and coral restoration. The third project involved the development of the first electrohydraulic actuator biodegradable in seawater. The attachment phase of coral gardening requires long diving hours and potential danger for marine biologists. Robotic aid minimizes these risks and speeds restoration. The developed soft actuator is intended for integration into a gripper, engineered to pick, position, and attach coral fragments. The actuator comprises a cellulose polymeric pouch, FR3 oil dielectric liquid, and gelatine electrodes. The biodegradable polymeric pouch exhibits a dielectric strength of 439 V/μm and a relative permittivity of 4.45, enabling actuation at low voltages while withstanding high electric fields prior to breakdown. The actuator components showed clear seawater biodegradation in BOD tests over 30 days.
Il danno antropogenico agli ecosistemi acquatici è grave: ogni anno entrano in essi 20 milioni di tonnellate di plastica. Il cambiamento climatico provoca riscaldamento e acidificazione degli oceani e pratiche di pesca distruttive e gli scarichi industriali aggravano i danni ambientali. In linea con l’Agenda 2030 delle UN (SDG 12 e SDG 14), la conservazione degli oceani, e il ripristino delle barriere coralline, sono quindi cruciali. Le barriere coralline ospitano il 25% delle specie marine e beneficiano miliardi di persone. Tuttavia, si sono ridotte tra il 20% e il 50% nelle ultime decadi. Un innalzamento delle temperature di 2 °C ne provocherebbe una totale scomparsa, questo sottolinea l’urgente necessità di strategie di restauro efficaci. La robotica subacquea può ampliare e velocizzare il restauro, automatizzandolo e riducendo il lavoro umano. Entrambi i settori richiedono materiali innovativi, adattabili, specifici per applicazioni differenti, e sicuri dal punto di vista ecologico. Questa tesi affronta tale sfida sviluppando materiali intelligenti ed ecocompatibili per il restauro delle barriere coralline e per la robotica subacquea, attraverso tre progetti complementari. Con il primo progetto si è sviluppata una pasta conduttiva per l’ancoraggio dei coralli e l’accelerazione della loro crescita. La strategia per il restauro corallino più utilizzata è il giardinaggio corallino: frammenti di coralli sono cresciuti in vivai e trapiantati sulla barriera. I metodi di ancoraggio tradizionali pongono rischi ambientali o forniscono un fissaggio inadeguato. La pasta fornisce una adesione salda, un substrato per la crescita dei coralli e permette l’utilizzo della Tecnologia di Accrescimento Minerale (MAT), per accelerare la crescita corallina. La pasta ha due componenti formati da olio di soia acrilato e grafene, indurisce per miscelazione raggiungendo una forza di 5 Mpa e presenta una resistività di 0,1 Ω·m stabile per oltre 40 giorni in acqua di mare. In test di MAT, nelle prime due settimane, ha fatto crescere i coralli il doppio rispetto al gruppo di controllo. In secondo luogo, è stato realizzato un composito antifouling. Il biofouling marino aumenta il consumo di carburante delle navi e le emissioni di CO₂, generando danni ambientali. Le strategie antifouling attuali fanno affidamento su materiali tossici. Il composito antifouling sviluppato è biodegradabile, non tossico, processabile come un termoplastico e adatto alla stampa 3D e a essere utilizzato come rivestimento su vetro, acciaio e plastica. È formato da cera d’api, Tween e da stearato di calcio o acido stearico. Il composito, durante immersione in acqua di mare, ha mantenuto superfici non incrostate maggiori rispetto a bioplastiche tradizionali. L’effetto antifouling è attribuibile all’idrofilizzazione superficiale indotta dal Tween che inibisce l’adesione proteica e la formazione di biofilm. Test di Domanda Biochimica di Ossigeno (BOD) in acqua di mare mostrano biodegradazione in 30 giorni. Il composito ha migliori proprietà meccaniche rispetto alla cera e mantiene prestazioni dopo 10 cicli di riciclo. Il terzo progetto ha implicato lo sviluppo del primo attuatore elettroidraulico biodegradabile in mare. La fase di ancoraggio nel giardinaggio corallino richiede lunghe ora di immersione e danni potenziali per i sommozzatori. L’aiuto robotico minimizza questi rischi e velocizza il restauro. L’attuatore morbido è inteso per essere integrato in un gripper robotico per afferrare posizionare e ancorare frammenti di corallo; è formato da una sacca di cellulose riempita con olio dielettrico e elettrodi di gelatina. La cellulosa ha una resistenza dielettrica di 439 V/µm e una permittività relativa di 4,45, questo permette attuazione a basse tensioni e fa sì che l’attuatore tolleri elevati campi elettrici prima della rottura. I componenti dell’attuatore mostrano biodegradazione in acqua marina nei test BOD di 30 giorni.
Materials for Coral Restoration and Underwater Robotics
CORIGLIANO, GABRIELE
2026
Abstract
Anthropogenic harm is severe on aquatic ecosystems; 20 million tonnes of plastic enter aquatic ecosystems each year. Climate change causes ocean warming and acidification, destructive fishing practices and industrial runoffs exacerbate environmental damage. Hence, ocean conservation, and in particular coral-reef restoration, efforts, aligned with the 2030 UN Agenda, SDG 12 and SDG 14, are paramount. Coral reefs support 25% of marine species and benefit billions of people. Yet they have experienced substantial declines, with losses ranging from about 20% to 50%. A 2 °C global temperature rise could cause complete coral loss, highlighting the urgent need for effective restoration. Underwater robotics can scale and speed coral restoration by automating tasks and reducing labor. Both fields require innovative materials, adaptable, application-specific and ecologically safe if lost in the marine environment. This thesis aimed at addressing such challenge by developing smart, environmentally friendly materials for underwater applications, coral restoration and underwater robotics, with three distinct, but complementary, projects. The first involved the development of a conductive paste for coral attachment and boosting coral growth. The main coral restoration strategy is coral gardening which entails growing corals in nurseries and transplanting them onto reefs. Traditional attachment methods pose environmental risks or provide inefficient affixation. At the same time the paste provides corals with firm attachment, a solid substrate for growth, and enables Mineral Accretion Technology (MAT), to accelerate coral growth. It is a bicomponent formulation made of acrylate soybean-oil and graphene nanoplatelets. The paste hardens through mixing, reaching a strength of ≃ 5 MPa, it has a resistivity of 0.1 Ω∙m, with stable electrical properties for over 40 days in seawater. MAT trials show significant enhancement of coral growth rates within two weeks, doubling those of the control group. With the second project an antifouling composite was developed. Marine biofouling increases ship drag, fuel consumption, and CO₂ emissions, causing environmental damage. Current antifouling coatings depend on toxic and polluting materials. The developed antifouling biocomposite is biodegradable, non-toxic, processable as a thermoplastic and suitable for compression molding, 3D printing, and coatings on steel, glass and plastic. It combines a beeswax matrix with Tween 80 as natural antifoulant and calcium stearate or stearic acid fillers. When immersed in seawater, it maintained larger unfouled areas than conventional reference bioplastics. The antifouling effect arises from Tween-induced surface hydrophilization, which forms a hydration layer that suppresses protein adsorption and biofilm formation. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in seawater shows biodegradation during 30-day testing. The composite shows enhanced mechanics versus pure beeswax, retaining properties after 10 reprocessing cycles. The flexibility of this platform makes it ideal for demanding geometries and integration into underwater robotics and coral restoration. The third project involved the development of the first electrohydraulic actuator biodegradable in seawater. The attachment phase of coral gardening requires long diving hours and potential danger for marine biologists. Robotic aid minimizes these risks and speeds restoration. The developed soft actuator is intended for integration into a gripper, engineered to pick, position, and attach coral fragments. The actuator comprises a cellulose polymeric pouch, FR3 oil dielectric liquid, and gelatine electrodes. The biodegradable polymeric pouch exhibits a dielectric strength of 439 V/μm and a relative permittivity of 4.45, enabling actuation at low voltages while withstanding high electric fields prior to breakdown. The actuator components showed clear seawater biodegradation in BOD tests over 30 days.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/368777
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-368777