The increase in instantaneous luminosity expected for the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will significantly rise track multiplicity and hit occupancy in the LHCb detector. To preserve the excellent particle-identification (PID) performance of the LHCb Ring-Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detector, the integration of sub-nanosecond photon hit-time information has been identified as a key strategy for the detector upgrade. This thesis presents studies supporting the RICH detector upgrade programme, covering both the Long Shutdown 3 (LS3) Enhancements and the Upgrade II phase. The work focuses on implementing and validating sub-nanosecond timing capability in the RICH system through detailed photodetector characterisation, hardware design and software development. In the first part of the thesis, analogue and digital measurements were performed on Multi-anode Photomultiplier Tubes (MAPMTs), the photodetectors used in the current RICH detector, to characterise their single-photon response. A single-photon time resolution (SPTR) of 145 ps was measured for the 1-inch MAPMT and 125 ps for the 2-inch MAPMT. These results define the intrinsic timing performance of the sensors and serve as a reference for the development of a novel time-resolved optoelectronic readout chain for the RICH detector. Based on these measurements, a novel method for the estimation of the primary vertex time (PV t0) was developed using only RICH reconstruction information. The PV t0 provides the event time reference required to apply a software time gate on RICH photon hit times, which has been demonstrated to improve the detector PID performance during LHC Run 4. A precision of 85 ps (FWHM) was achieved for 94 % of reconstructed PV in a sample of ten thousand simulated bunch-crossing events, marking a first-time measurement for the LHCb experiment. The final part of the thesis describes the design and testing of a flexible PCB (flex-PCB) for the readout of Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays, the main photodetector candidate for the RICH Upgrade II detector. The main challenge with SiPMs is their high dark-count rate (DCR), which increases with radiation. DCR can be mitigated by operating SiPMs at cryogenic temperatures (∼100 K). The flex-PCB features ∼15 cm analogue traces, enabling SiPM operation at cryogenic temperatures while keeping the readout electronics at room temperature. Laboratory measurements and particle-beam tests at room temperature have demonstrated stable signal integrity and sub-100 ps single-photon time resolution, confirming the suitability of this flex-PCB design for future RICH detector upgrades. These studies are important for the ongoing and future developments of the LHCb RICH detectors as well as the integration of sub-nanosecond timing information into the detector readout system and the event reconstruction.
L’aumento della luminosità istantanea previsto per l’High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) comporterà un incremento significativo della molteplicità di tracce e dell’occupanza nel rivelatore LHCb. Per preservare le eccellenti performance di identificazione delle particelle (PID) del rivelatore Ring-Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) di LHCb, l’integrazione dell’informazione temporale sui fotoni con risoluzione inferiore al nanosecondo è stata individuata come una strategia chiave per l’aggiornamento del rivelatore. Questa tesi presenta studi a supporto del programma di aggiornamento del rivelatore RICH, che comprende sia i miglioramenti previsti durante il Long Shutdown 3 (LS3) sia la fase Upgrade II. Il lavoro si concentra sull’implementazione e la validazione della capacità di misura temporale con risoluzione inferiore al nanosecondo nel sistema RICH attraverso, dettagliata caratterizzazione di fotorivelatori, progettazione hardware e sviluppo software. Nella prima parte della tesi sono state eseguite misure analogiche e digitali su Multi-anode Photomultiplier Tubes (MAPMT), i fotorivelatori utilizzati nell’attuale rivelatore RICH, per caratterizzarne la risposta a singolo fotone. È stata misurata una risoluzione temporale a singolo fotone (SPTR) di 145 ps per il MAPMT da 1 pollice e di 125 ps per quello da 2 pollici. Questi risultati definiscono le prestazioni temporali intrinseche dei sensori e costituiscono un riferimento per lo sviluppo di una nuova catena di lettura optoelettronica con risoluzione temporale per il rivelatore RICH. Sulla base di queste misure è stato sviluppato un nuovo metodo per la stima del tempo del vertice primario (PV t₀) utilizzando esclusivamente le informazioni di ricostruzione del RICH. Il PV t₀ fornisce il riferimento temporale dell’evento necessario per applicare una finestra temporale sui tempi di arrivo dei fotoni nel RICH, migliorando le performance di PID del rivelatore. È stata ottenuta una precisione di 85 ps (FWHM) per il 94 % dei vertici primari ricostruiti in un campione di 10’000 eventi simulati di collisione, rappresentando la prima misura di questo tipo per l’esperimento LHCb. L’ultima parte della tesi descrive la progettazione e i test di un circuito stampato flessibile (flex-PCB) per la lettura di matrici di Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs), principali candidati come fotorivelatori per il rivelatore RICH nella fase Upgrade II. La principale sfida associata ai SiPM è l’elevato rateo di dark-counts (DCR), che aumenta con la radiazione. Il DCR può essere ridotto operando i SiPM a temperature criogeniche (~100 K). La flex-PCB presenta tracce analogiche di circa 15 cm, consentendo il funzionamento dei SiPM a temperature criogeniche mantenendo l’elettronica di lettura a temperatura ambiente. Misure di laboratorio e test con fascio di particelle a temperatura ambiente hanno dimostrato una buona integrità del segnale e una risoluzione temporale a singolo fotone inferiore a 100 ps, confermando l’idoneità di questo design per i futuri aggiornamenti del rivelatore RICH. Questo lavoro fornisce un solido riferimento per gli sviluppi in corso e futuri dei rivelatori RICH di LHCb e guida l’integrazione di informazioni temporali con precisione inferiore al nanosecondo nel sistema di lettura e nella ricostruzione degli eventi.
Studies towards a sub-100 ps time-resolved LHCb RICH detector and a novel method for the primary vertex time estimation during LHC Run 4
MALENTACCA, LORENZO
2026
Abstract
The increase in instantaneous luminosity expected for the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will significantly rise track multiplicity and hit occupancy in the LHCb detector. To preserve the excellent particle-identification (PID) performance of the LHCb Ring-Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detector, the integration of sub-nanosecond photon hit-time information has been identified as a key strategy for the detector upgrade. This thesis presents studies supporting the RICH detector upgrade programme, covering both the Long Shutdown 3 (LS3) Enhancements and the Upgrade II phase. The work focuses on implementing and validating sub-nanosecond timing capability in the RICH system through detailed photodetector characterisation, hardware design and software development. In the first part of the thesis, analogue and digital measurements were performed on Multi-anode Photomultiplier Tubes (MAPMTs), the photodetectors used in the current RICH detector, to characterise their single-photon response. A single-photon time resolution (SPTR) of 145 ps was measured for the 1-inch MAPMT and 125 ps for the 2-inch MAPMT. These results define the intrinsic timing performance of the sensors and serve as a reference for the development of a novel time-resolved optoelectronic readout chain for the RICH detector. Based on these measurements, a novel method for the estimation of the primary vertex time (PV t0) was developed using only RICH reconstruction information. The PV t0 provides the event time reference required to apply a software time gate on RICH photon hit times, which has been demonstrated to improve the detector PID performance during LHC Run 4. A precision of 85 ps (FWHM) was achieved for 94 % of reconstructed PV in a sample of ten thousand simulated bunch-crossing events, marking a first-time measurement for the LHCb experiment. The final part of the thesis describes the design and testing of a flexible PCB (flex-PCB) for the readout of Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays, the main photodetector candidate for the RICH Upgrade II detector. The main challenge with SiPMs is their high dark-count rate (DCR), which increases with radiation. DCR can be mitigated by operating SiPMs at cryogenic temperatures (∼100 K). The flex-PCB features ∼15 cm analogue traces, enabling SiPM operation at cryogenic temperatures while keeping the readout electronics at room temperature. Laboratory measurements and particle-beam tests at room temperature have demonstrated stable signal integrity and sub-100 ps single-photon time resolution, confirming the suitability of this flex-PCB design for future RICH detector upgrades. These studies are important for the ongoing and future developments of the LHCb RICH detectors as well as the integration of sub-nanosecond timing information into the detector readout system and the event reconstruction.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/368788
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-368788