This doctoral thesis examines the evolution of sustainability reporting in the European Union following the change of regulation from the Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD) to the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). In detail, the thesis analyses how this reform has influenced the harmonisation of the several adopted reporting standards and the application and disclosure of the double materiality principle. This doctoral thesis is structured as a collection of three papers. The first paper presents a systematic literature review on non-financial reporting in the EU to identify the main shortcomings of non-financial reporting highlighted before the entry into force of the CSRD and assess how the new directive addresses them. Following the PRISMA protocol, 304 relevant academic works were identified and grouped into five thematic clusters, each addressing critical issues related to non-financial reports: Frameworks and Guidelines to be adopted, Regulation in force, Tactics used by companies in preparing the reports which can lead to misleading perceptions of reports users, Practical Difficulties faced by companies in the preparation phase, and Internal and External Factors which can influence the quantity and the quality of non-financial disclosure. The study demonstrates that the CSRD addresses several previous criticisms; however, some other issues remain. Concerning the latter, this literature review provides a research agenda which outlines future possible research directions. The second paper empirically assesses de facto harmonisation in sustainability reporting before and after the CSRD in France, Italy, and Spain. Using mixed methods that combine manual and automated content analysis of 714 sustainability reports (2022–2024), this study measures uniformity of applied standards through Herfindahl and Comparability indices, as well as dictionary-based textual analysis to evaluate convergence in disclosed topics. Findings indicate that in-depth de facto harmonisation remains limited even after the CSRD, because national accounting traditions, institutional contexts, and established practices continue to shape disclosure behaviour, reducing uniformity. Moreover, this paper contributes to the debate on institutional isomorphism and the persistence of national logics and international accounting differences. Lastly, the third paper investigates one of the CSRD’s most innovative elements: the double materiality approach. It analyses how 11 Italian utility companies applied this concept in their sustainability reports, prepared in accordance with the ESRS, for the financial year 2024. Through qualitative content analysis, the study develops a Double Materiality Disclosure Index (DMDI) to assess the extent and quality of disclosures related to double materiality. Moreover, it maps the Impacts, Risks, and Opportunities (IROs) identified as material by the investigated companies. The findings suggest that the first year of CSRD application did not establish consistent normative behaviour, indicating that regulation alone is insufficient without enforcement and stakeholder engagement to allow normativity to emerge. Together, these three studies advance the understanding of how EU regulation is reshaping sustainability reporting, highlighting both the progress achieved through the CSRD and the remaining challenges to ensuring high-quality, credible, and decision-useful information across Member States.
La presente tesi di dottorato analizza l’evoluzione della rendicontazione di sostenibilità nel contesto dell’Unione europea a seguito del cambiamento normativo: dalla NFRD alla CSRD. La ricerca è strutturata come una raccolta di tre articoli scientifici. Il primo contributo concerne una revisione sistematica della letteratura in materia di rendicontazione non finanziaria nell’UE, con l’obiettivo di individuare le principali criticità emerse prima dell’entrata in vigore della CSRD e valutare in che misura la nuova direttiva sia in grado di affrontarle. Seguendo il protocollo PRISMA, sono stati inclusi nell’analisi 304 lavori accademici, successivamente raggruppati in cinque cluster tematici, ciascuno dei quali affronta aspetti critici connessi alla rendicontazione non finanziaria: framework e linee guida da adottare, normativa vigente, tattiche utilizzate dalle imprese nella redazione dei report che possono generare percezioni fuorvianti nei portatori di interesse, difficoltà pratiche riscontrate dalle imprese nella predisposizione dei report, e fattori interni ed esterni all’impresa che influenzano la quantità e la qualità dell’informativa prodotta. Lo studio dimostra che la CSRD affronta diverse criticità precedentemente evidenziate; tuttavia, restano alcune questioni irrisolte. A tal proposito, il primo articolo scientifico della tesi propone una research agenda che delinea possibili direzioni per studi futuri. Il secondo articolo analizza invece empiricamente il grado di armonizzazione de facto della rendicontazione di sostenibilità prima e dopo l’introduzione della CSRD, nei contesti di Francia, Italia e Spagna. Attraverso una metodologia mista che combina content analysis manuale e automatizzata di 714 report di sostenibilità (2022–2024), la ricerca misura l’uniformità degli standard applicati mediante gli indici di Herfindahl e di Comparability, che viene affiancata ad un’analisi testuale dictionary-based per valutare la convergenza dei temi rendicontati. I risultati evidenziano che, anche dopo l’entrata in vigore della CSRD, l’armonizzazione de facto rimane limitata, poiché le tradizioni contabili nazionali, i contesti istituzionali e le pratiche consolidate continuano a influenzare il comportamento di rendicontazione delle imprese, riducendo il livello di uniformità. Inoltre, il contributo arricchisce il dibattito sull’isomorfismo istituzionale, sulla persistenza delle logiche nazionali e delle differenze contabili internazionali. Infine, il terzo articolo approfondisce uno degli elementi più innovativi introdotti dalla CSRD: l’approccio di doppia materialità. L’analisi si concentra su come undici imprese italiane operanti nel settore delle utilities abbiano applicato tale concetto nei propri report di sostenibilità, redatti in conformità agli ESRS per l’esercizio 2024. Attraverso un’analisi qualitativa del contenuto, lo studio elabora un Double Materiality Disclosure Index per valutare l’ampiezza e la qualità delle informazioni divulgate in relazione alla doppia materialità, e mappa gli impatti, rischi e opportunità identificati come materiali dalle imprese analizzate. I risultati indicano che il primo anno di applicazione della CSRD non ha ancora consolidato un comportamento normativo uniforme, suggerendo che la regolamentazione, in assenza di adeguati meccanismi di enforcement e di un coinvolgimento attivo degli stakeholder, non sia sufficiente a favorire l’emergere della normatività. Complessivamente, i tre studi contribuiscono ad approfondire come la regolamentazione europea stia rimodellando la rendicontazione di sostenibilità, evidenziando al contempo i progressi ottenuti grazie alla CSRD e le sfide ancora aperte finalizzate a garantire un’informativa di elevata qualità, credibile e utile ai fini decisionali in tutti gli Stati membri.
Sustainability accounting and reporting: Early insights from regulatory changes in the European Union
TOSCANO, VALENTINA
2026
Abstract
This doctoral thesis examines the evolution of sustainability reporting in the European Union following the change of regulation from the Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD) to the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). In detail, the thesis analyses how this reform has influenced the harmonisation of the several adopted reporting standards and the application and disclosure of the double materiality principle. This doctoral thesis is structured as a collection of three papers. The first paper presents a systematic literature review on non-financial reporting in the EU to identify the main shortcomings of non-financial reporting highlighted before the entry into force of the CSRD and assess how the new directive addresses them. Following the PRISMA protocol, 304 relevant academic works were identified and grouped into five thematic clusters, each addressing critical issues related to non-financial reports: Frameworks and Guidelines to be adopted, Regulation in force, Tactics used by companies in preparing the reports which can lead to misleading perceptions of reports users, Practical Difficulties faced by companies in the preparation phase, and Internal and External Factors which can influence the quantity and the quality of non-financial disclosure. The study demonstrates that the CSRD addresses several previous criticisms; however, some other issues remain. Concerning the latter, this literature review provides a research agenda which outlines future possible research directions. The second paper empirically assesses de facto harmonisation in sustainability reporting before and after the CSRD in France, Italy, and Spain. Using mixed methods that combine manual and automated content analysis of 714 sustainability reports (2022–2024), this study measures uniformity of applied standards through Herfindahl and Comparability indices, as well as dictionary-based textual analysis to evaluate convergence in disclosed topics. Findings indicate that in-depth de facto harmonisation remains limited even after the CSRD, because national accounting traditions, institutional contexts, and established practices continue to shape disclosure behaviour, reducing uniformity. Moreover, this paper contributes to the debate on institutional isomorphism and the persistence of national logics and international accounting differences. Lastly, the third paper investigates one of the CSRD’s most innovative elements: the double materiality approach. It analyses how 11 Italian utility companies applied this concept in their sustainability reports, prepared in accordance with the ESRS, for the financial year 2024. Through qualitative content analysis, the study develops a Double Materiality Disclosure Index (DMDI) to assess the extent and quality of disclosures related to double materiality. Moreover, it maps the Impacts, Risks, and Opportunities (IROs) identified as material by the investigated companies. The findings suggest that the first year of CSRD application did not establish consistent normative behaviour, indicating that regulation alone is insufficient without enforcement and stakeholder engagement to allow normativity to emerge. Together, these three studies advance the understanding of how EU regulation is reshaping sustainability reporting, highlighting both the progress achieved through the CSRD and the remaining challenges to ensuring high-quality, credible, and decision-useful information across Member States.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/368799
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-368799