1. Introduction This dissertation situates itself within the evolving climate change landscape, examining the interplay between climatic stress, energy transition dilemmas, material constraints, and national governance structures, focusing on the Italian case. The complexity of the Italian case is here discussed thanks to diverse analysis levels: historical and retrospective, political, economic, legal and regulatory, comparative, material-geopolitical, and engineering. Beyond the historical study of the nuclearization of the Italian energy system, its end, its subsequent attempt for reintroduction, and the several international partnerships in the field, the ongoing second re-nuclerization attempt is analyzed by the double standpoints of the political environment and the legal and regulatory processes that are currently taking place, both at several Ministries, at the Chamber of Deputies, and at various levels of regional and local administrations. Furthermore, the Italian anomaly regarding the need for top-down nuclear power's increase, external shocks, and bottom-up denuclearization adds a retrospective value, whereas a threefold international comparison with France and Germany about electricity generation, nuclear power share, and carbon intensity sheds light on three possible scenarios for Italy: folding any nuclear perspective and investing completely on renewable sources, as in the German case; wagering extensively on nuclear power and only partly relying on renewable sources; trying to mediate the two into a synergistic grand strategy. Additionally, a careful analysis of the uraniferous supplies in Italy, uranium's economic and scientific variables, and an attentive assessment of the potential international suppliers, their pros and cons, and the current political attempts of the Italian institutions to establish a closer bond with some of them provides precious insights from the international relations' point of view. Finally, a similar analysis is conducted on the engineering of nuclear reactors, their energy potential, their deployment time perspectives, their different generations and sizes, their domestic and international political feasibility, as well as on the future Italian deposit for nuclear waste and its regulatory constraints, whose efforts to localize a fitting site are similar to those which will have to take place to localize sites for eventual nuclear power plants. 1. Objectives and Research Questions This dissertation's ultimate goal is understanding the linkages between climate change and carbon emissions' cuts through the absorption of part of the national electricity demand by nuclear production. In particular, the main objective is to understand how nuclear energy could power the Italian energy transition. Within this complex landscape, three analytical questions orient the present research. RQ1: How does the interaction between climate stress, infrastructural path dependence, long-standing import reliance, and geopolitical constraints restrict Italy's room for maneuver in defining viable energy-transition strategies? RQ2: How do material constraints on low-carbon technologies – ranging from the dependence of the EU on critical raw materials to the prospective reliance on externally sourced uranium in the event of a nuclear revival – shape the strategic options available for restructuring Italy's future energy system? RQ3: What role can advanced nuclear technologies play in relation to Italy's longterm energy security and decarbonization objectives in light of the current technological state of the art and geopolitical constraints? The thesis is divided into three chapters: Chapter 1 introduces the topic, laying the theoretical framework; Chapter 2 examines the features of climate change, as well as the technological and material constraints that delimit Italy's energy transition; Chapter 3 explores the nuclear revival option through the multilevel lenses of history, national and international politics, economy, energy performance, technology, and governance. 2. Limitations of Existing Literature The essential literature review has been carried out following three main topics: 1) multilevel governance, "Unraveling the central State, but how?" (Hooghe & Marks, 2003), "The regime complex for climate change" (Keohane & Victor, 2011), "Policy innovation in a changing climate: Sources, patterns and effects" (Jordan & Huitema, 2014), "Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change" (Ostrom, 2010), "Environmental policy integration: Greening sectoral policies in Europe" contribution (Lenschow, 2002), "Environmental policy integration: A state of the art review" (Jordan & Lenschow, 2010), "Environmental policy in the EU: Actors, institutions, and processes" (Jordan & Gravey, 2021), "Multi-level governance" (Bache & Flinders, 2004), "Sustainable minerals and metals for a low-carbon future" (Sovacool et al., 2020), "The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths" (Overland, 2019), "The misallocation of climate research funding" (Overland & Sovacool, 2020), "Catalytic cooperation" (Hale, 2020), "Mission-riented innovation policies: challenges and opportunities" (Mazzucato, 2018); 2) political economy of climate, "The logic of collective action" (Olson, 1971), "Environment and statecraft: The strategy of environmental treaty-making" (Barrett, 2003), "Architectures for agreement: Addressing global climate change in the postKyoto world" (Aldy & Stavins, 2007), "Climate clubs: Overcoming free-riding in international climate policy" (Nordhaus, 2015),"Climate capitalism: Global warming and the transformation of the global economy" (Newell & Paterson, 2010), "European Green Deal necropolitics: Exploring 'green' energy transition, degrowth & infrastructural colonization" (Dunlap & Laratte, 2022), "The G20 must govern the shift to low‐carbon energy" (Goldthau, 2017), 3) energy security and geopolitics, "The concept of energy security: Beyond the four As" (Cherp & Jewell, 2014), "Transition from Hydrocarbon Geopolitics to Critical Mineral Geopolitics" (Gökçe, 2024), "The geopolitics of the energy transition: new resources and technologies" (Siddi, 2023), "Assessing the weaponability of enriched uranium trade in the geopolitics of nuclear energy: The EU-Russia interrelations" (Meyer, 2023). 3. Methodology This study adopts a qualitative-quantitative and comparative methodological approach, rooted in policy and data analysis, and supported by governmental and intergovernmental official documents as well as secondary data. The complexity of Italy's energy transition cannot be captured exclusively through quantitative or econometric techniques. Rather than modeling future trajectories through formal simulation, the research focuses on how institutional choices, political dynamics, regulatory frameworks, and geopolitical factors have structured the range of feasible options available to the country. 4. Results The dissertation's main results regard materials constraints, climatic and geopolitical considerations regarding nuclear power's potential reintroduction in Italy's electric grid, and governance limitations. Material constraints limit both renewable and nuclear energy, and the Italian lack of critical raw materials and extreme scarcity of uranium represents a problem to take into consideration for the policies to be implemented by the government. As a result, the need for their importations can replicate the problem for hydrocarbons' importation-reliance. On the other hand, the quantities of uranium needed for opening new-generation nuclear power plants are considerably tinier than hydrocarbons'. Furthermore, the climate-changing impacts from nuclear power is risible compared to hydrocarbons'. Regardless of climate change science's analyses, the need for natural-gas supply diversification and the end of the conveniently cheap Russian gas flows hinder the possibility to look at carbonintensive energy sources' substitution as a mere climate topic. No matter the strong governance obstacles represented by the local entities' prerogatives, this dissertation found technologically and economically feasible as well as geopolitical and environmentally convenient to re-introduce nuclear power, in order to increasingly lower Italy's reliance on hydrocarbons and its vulnerability to geopolitics-driven energy supply chain's disruptions as well as its carbon footprint, being renewable sources' complement rather than their rival, while cover the typical renewable energies' intermittency. 5. Contributions to Existing Literature This dissertation's results contribute to the current scientific knowledge thanks to its analysis of the ongoing institutional attempt to re-introduce nuclear power through governmental enacting bills, which were just received by the Parliament. Furthermore, this analysis regarding the historical background, Italy's carbon footprint, the Italy-France-Germany comparison in terms of carbon emissions and nuclear reliance, the study of the critical raw materials' EU jurisdiction and Italy's and EU's databases, as well as the comparison between renewable sources and nuclear power's pros and cons substantially helps to further shed light on the how going green for geopolitical reasons besides those more strictly related to the environment, and why it would be convenient to do so in Italy. Ultimately, the findings of this dissertation contribute to a more integrated understanding of the constraints and opportunities that define Italy’s climate-energy nexus. While the challenges are considerable, Italy possesses the potential for shaping a resilient and sustainable future, provided that it can align its institutional capacity and technological choices within a pragmatic framework required the rapidly changing energy system. 6. Conclusions This dissertation has examined the intersection of climate change, energy transition pathways, material constraints, and multilevel governance through the lens of the Italian case. By integrating scientific evidence, political economy analysis, historicalinstitutional perspectives, technological and material factors, and geopolitics, this research has demonstrated that Italy’s decarbonization trajectory is shaped not only by climatic imperatives but by structural dependencies, fragmented governance, geopolitical vulnerabilities, technological path dependencies, and socio-institutional veto players. Nuclear energy – both conventional and advanced designs – must be reassessed within Italy’s energy security debate. No single energy source can realistically sustain decarbonization efforts alone. Instead, energy systems must integrate a diversified set of low-carbon options while managing their respective constraints. While nuclear power is not a panacea, its high capacity factor and risible carbon emissions make it a potentially valuable complement to renewables in scenarios requiring deep decarbonization and grid stability. The conclusion is not that Italy must adopt nuclear energy in order to resolve the climate crisis – Italy's carbon footprint is so narrow that even an abrupt zeroing of its emissions would not make a difference – nor that its implementation would solve all its energy problems, nor that it must become a nuclear-focused energy system following the French example. Rather, the ultimate conclusion is that its inclusion in a renewable-nuclear dual energy system would allow to counterbalance renewable energy sources' downsides and achieve the net zero carbon objective. Conversely, a priori depriving the national grid of nuclear power would reduce the strategic flexibility in ways that may undermine long-term decarbonization and even energy-related national security. The Italian case demonstrates that climate action is a multidimensional governance challenge shaped by material realities and geopolitical constraints. The success of Italy’s decarbonization will depend on its ability to integrate climate science, technological options, supply-chain strategies, geopolitical considerations, and institutional reforms into a coherent and long-term national strategy. The transition will require potentially unpopular choices and significant investments, but failure to act decisively would entail far greater economic, social, geopolitical, and environmental costs. 7. Limitations and Directions for Future Research The main limitations lie in the lack of open source data regarding the precise costs of the new-generation nuclear reactors, as well as their real construction time as they are projects for the close future, and the fact that the Italian government's action for reimplementing nuclear power is still ongoing. Regarding the reactors' costs and construction time, future research in about 5 years is likely to be able to gather more precise information. About the Italian legislative trajectories, the political framework will be clearer within the next two years, as the Chamber of Deputies just receive the latest enacting bill on sustainable nuclear and given that the next election are likely to be held in spring 2027, outlining a clearer picture on the future political direction on the subject. Finally, future research could also further analyze the role of nuclear fusion, not covered in this thesis as it is not expected to be available before 2050, therefore predictably unusable regarding net-zero carbon targets by 2050.
1. Introduzione Questa tesi si colloca nel panorama in evoluzione del cambiamento climatico, esaminando l’interazione tra stress climatico, dilemmi di transizione energetica, vincoli materiali e strutture di governance nazionale, concentrandosi sul caso italiano. La complessità del caso italiano viene qui discussa grazie a diversi livelli di analisi: storico e retrospettivo, politico, economico, giuridico e normativo, comparativo, materiale-geopolitico e ingegneristico. Al di là dello studio storico della nuclearizzazione del sistema energetico italiano, della sua fine, del suo successivo tentativo di reintroduzione e delle numerose partnership internazionali in materia, il secondo tentativo di rinucleizzazione in corso viene analizzato attraverso i doppi punti di vista dell'ambiente politico e dei processi giuridici e normativi attualmente in atto, sia presso diversi Ministeri, sia presso la Camera dei Deputati, e a vari livelli delle amministrazioni regionali e locali. Inoltre, l'anomalia italiana relativa alla necessità di un aumento dell'energia nucleare dall'alto verso il basso, di shock esterni e di una denuclearizzazione dal basso verso l'alto aggiunge un valore retrospettivo, mentre un triplice confronto internazionale con Francia e Germania sulla produzione di elettricità, sulla quota di energia nucleare e sull'intensità di carbonio fa luce su tre possibili scenari per l'Italia: ripiegare qualsiasi prospettiva nucleare e investire completamente nelle fonti rinnovabili, come nel caso tedesco; scommettendo ampiamente sull’energia nucleare e facendo affidamento solo in parte sulle fonti rinnovabili; cercando di mediare i due in una grande strategia sinergica. Inoltre, un'analisi attenta dei giacimenti uraniferi in Italia, delle variabili economiche e scientifiche dell'uranio e un'attenta valutazione dei potenziali fornitori internazionali, dei loro pro e contro e degli attuali tentativi politici delle istituzioni italiane di stabilire un legame più stretto con alcuni di essi forniscono preziosi spunti dal punto di vista delle relazioni internazionali. Infine, un'analisi simile viene condotta sull'ingegneria dei reattori nucleari, sul loro potenziale energetico, sulle loro prospettive di tempo di implementazione, sulle loro diverse generazioni e dimensioni, sulla loro fattibilità politica nazionale e internazionale, nonché sul futuro giacimento italiano di scorie nucleari e sui suoi vincoli normativi, i cui sforzi per localizzare un sito idoneo sono simili a quelli che dovranno essere compiuti per localizzare i siti per eventuali centrali nucleari. 1. Obiettivi e domande di ricerca L'obiettivo finale di questa tesi è comprendere i collegamenti tra il cambiamento climatico e la riduzione delle emissioni di carbonio attraverso l'assorbimento di parte della domanda nazionale di elettricità da parte della produzione nucleare. In particolare, l'obiettivo principale è capire come l'energia nucleare potrebbe alimentare la transizione energetica italiana. All’interno di questo panorama complesso, tre questioni analitiche orientano la presente ricerca. DR1: In che modo l'interazione tra stress climatico, dipendenza dai percorsi infrastrutturali, dipendenza di lunga data dalle importazioni e vincoli geopolitici limita il margine di manovra dell'Italia nella definizione di strategie praticabili di transizione energetica? DR2: In che modo i vincoli materiali sulle tecnologie a basse emissioni di carbonio – che vanno dalla dipendenza dell'UE da materie prime critiche alla potenziale dipendenza dall'uranio di provenienza esterna in caso di ripresa nucleare – modellano le opzioni strategiche disponibili per la ristrutturazione del futuro sistema energetico italiano? DR3: Quale ruolo possono svolgere le tecnologie nucleari avanzate in relazione agli obiettivi di sicurezza energetica e decarbonizzazione a lungo termine dell'Italia alla luce dell'attuale stato dell'arte tecnologico e dei vincoli geopolitici? La tesi è divisa in tre capitoli: il capitolo 1 introduce l'argomento, definendo il quadro teorico; il capitolo 2 esamina le caratteristiche del cambiamento climatico, nonché i vincoli tecnologici e materiali che delimitano la transizione energetica dell'Italia; il capitolo 3 esplora l'opzione della ripresa nucleare attraverso le lenti multilivello della storia, della politica nazionale e internazionale, dell'economia, delle prestazioni energetiche, della tecnologia e della governance. 2. Limitazioni della letteratura esistente La revisione essenziale della letteratura è stata effettuata seguendo tre argomenti principali: 1) multilevel governance, "Unraveling the central State, but how?" (Hooghe & Marks, 2003), "The regime complex for climate change" (Keohane & Victor, 2011), "Policy innovation in a changing climate: Sources, patterns and effects" (Jordan & Huitema, 2014), "Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change" (Ostrom, 2010), "Environmental policy integration: Greening sectoral policies in Europe" contribution (Lenschow, 2002), "Environmental policy integration: A state of the art review" (Jordan & Lenschow, 2010), "Environmental policy in the EU: Actors, institutions, and processes" (Jordan & Gravey, 2021), "Multi-level governance" (Bache & Flinders, 2004), "Sustainable minerals and metals for a low-carbon future" (Sovacool et al., 2020), "The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths" (Overland, 2019), "The misallocation of climate research funding" (Overland & Sovacool, 2020), "Catalytic cooperation" (Hale, 2020), "Mission-riented innovation policies: challenges and opportunities" (Mazzucato, 2018); 2) economia politica del clima, "The logic of collective action" (Olson, 1971), "Environment and statecraft: The strategy of environmental treaty-making" (Barrett, 2003), "Architectures for agreement: Addressing global climate change in the postKyoto world" (Aldy & Stavins, 2007), "Climate clubs: Overcoming free-riding in international climate policy" (Nordhaus, 2015),"Climate capitalism: Global warming and the transformation of the global economy" (Newell & Paterson, 2010), "European Green Deal necropolitics: Exploring 'green' energy transition, degrowth & infrastructural colonization" (Dunlap & Laratte, 2022), "The G20 must govern the shift to low‐carbon energy" (Goldthau, 2017), 3) geopolitica e sicurezza energetica, "The concept of energy security: Beyond the four As" (Cherp & Jewell, 2014), "Transition from Hydrocarbon Geopolitics to Critical Mineral Geopolitics" (Gökçe, 2024), "The geopolitics of the energy transition: new resources and technologies" (Siddi, 2023), "Assessing the weaponability of enriched uranium trade in the geopolitics of nuclear energy: The EU-Russia interrelations" (Meyer, 2023). 3. Metodologia Questo studio adotta un approccio metodologico qualitativo-quantitativo e comparativo, radicato nell’analisi delle politiche e dei dati e supportato da documenti ufficiali governativi e intergovernativi, nonché da dati secondari. La complessità della transizione energetica dell'Italia non può essere catturata esclusivamente attraverso tecniche quantitative o econometriche. Piuttosto che modellare traiettorie future attraverso la simulazione formale, la ricerca si concentra su come le scelte istituzionali, le dinamiche politiche, i quadri normativi e i fattori geopolitici hanno strutturato la gamma di opzioni fattibili a disposizione del Paese. 4. Risultati I principali risultati della tesi riguardano i vincoli materiali, le considerazioni climatiche e geopolitiche riguardanti la potenziale reintroduzione dell'energia nucleare nella rete elettrica italiana e i limiti di governance. I vincoli materiali limitano sia l'energia rinnovabile che quella nucleare, e la mancanza italiana di materie prime critiche e l'estrema scarsità di uranio rappresentano un problema da prendere in considerazione per le politiche che il governo dovrà attuare. Di conseguenza, la necessità delle loro importazioni può replicare il problema della dipendenza degli idrocarburi dalle importazioni. D'altro canto, le quantità di uranio necessarie per l'apertura di centrali nucleari di nuova generazione sono notevolmente più piccole di quelle degli idrocarburi. Inoltre, gli impatti dell'energia nucleare sui cambiamenti climatici sono ridicoli rispetto a quelli degli idrocarburi. Indipendentemente dalle analisi della scienza del cambiamento climatico, la necessità di diversificazione dell’approvvigionamento di gas naturale e la fine dei flussi di gas russi convenientemente economici ostacolano la possibilità di considerare la sostituzione delle fonti energetiche ad alta intensità di carbonio come un mero argomento climatico. Nonostante i forti ostacoli di governance rappresentati dalle prerogative degli enti locali, questa tesi ha ritenuto tecnologicamente ed economicamente fattibile, nonché geopoliticamente e ambientalmente conveniente, reintrodurre l'energia nucleare, al fine di ridurre sempre più la dipendenza dell'Italia dagli idrocarburi e la sua vulnerabilità alle interruzioni della filiera energetica dettate dalla geopolitica, nonché la sua impronta di carbonio, essendo il complemento delle fonti rinnovabili piuttosto che il loro rivale, mentre coprono l'intermittenza tipica delle energie rinnovabili. 5. Contributi alla letteratura esistente I risultati di questa tesi contribuiscono alle attuali conoscenze scientifiche grazie all'analisi del tentativo istituzionale in corso di reintrodurre l'energia nucleare attraverso progetti di legge governativi, appena ricevuti dal Parlamento. Inoltre, questa analisi riguardante il contesto storico, l'impronta di carbonio dell'Italia, il confronto Italia-Francia-Germania in termini di emissioni di carbonio e dipendenza nucleare, lo studio della giurisdizione UE delle materie prime critiche e i database di Italia e UE, così come il confronto tra fonti rinnovabili e pro e contro dell'energia nucleare aiuta sostanzialmente a far luce ulteriormente su come diventare verdi per ragioni geopolitiche oltre a quelle più strettamente legate all'ambiente, e perché sarebbe conveniente farlo in Italia. In definitiva, i risultati di questa tesi contribuiscono a una comprensione più integrata dei vincoli e delle opportunità che definiscono il nesso clima-energia in Italia. Sebbene le sfide siano considerevoli, l’Italia ha il potenziale per plasmare un futuro resiliente e sostenibile, a condizione che possa allineare la propria capacità istituzionale e le scelte tecnologiche all’interno di un quadro pragmatico richiesto dal sistema energetico in rapida evoluzione. 6. Conclusioni Questa tesi ha esaminato l’intersezione tra cambiamento climatico, percorsi di transizione energetica, vincoli materiali e multilevel governance attraverso la lente del caso italiano. Integrando prove scientifiche, analisi di economia politica, prospettive storico-istituzionali, fattori tecnologici e materiali e geopolitica, questa ricerca ha dimostrato che il percorso di decarbonizzazione dell'Italia è modellato non solo da imperativi climatici ma da dipendenze strutturali, governance frammentata, vulnerabilità geopolitiche, dipendenze dal percorso tecnologico e attori di veto socioistituzionali. L'energia nucleare –sia quella convenzionale che quella avanzata– deve essere rivalutata nell'ambito del dibattito sulla sicurezza energetica in Italia. Nessuna singola fonte energetica può realisticamente sostenere da sola gli sforzi di decarbonizzazione. I sistemi energetici devono invece integrare un insieme diversificato di opzioni a basse- emissioni di carbonio, gestendo al contempo i rispettivi vincoli. Sebbene l’energia nucleare non sia una panacea, il suo elevato fattore di capacità e le ridicole emissioni di carbonio la rendono un complemento potenzialmente prezioso alle energie rinnovabili in scenari che richiedono una profonda decarbonizzazione e stabilità della rete. La conclusione non è che l'Italia debba adottare l'energia nucleare per risolvere la crisi climatica – l'impronta di carbonio dell'Italia è così ridotta che anche un brusco azzeramento delle sue emissioni non farebbe la differenza – né che la sua attuazione risolverebbe tutti i suoi problemi energetici, né che debba diventare un sistema energetico incentrato sul nucleare seguendo l'esempio francese. Piuttosto, la conclusione finale è che la sua inclusione in un sistema energetico duale rinnovabilenucleare consentirebbe di controbilanciare gli svantaggi delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili e di raggiungere l'obiettivo di zero emissioni nette di carbonio. Al contrario, privare a priori la rete nazionale dell’energia nucleare ridurrebbe la flessibilità strategica in modi che potrebbero minare la decarbonizzazione a lungo termine e persino la sicurezza nazionale legata all’energia. Il caso italiano dimostra che l’azione per il clima è una sfida di governance multidimensionale modellata da realtà materiali e vincoli geopolitici. Il successo della decarbonizzazione dell'Italia dipenderà dalla sua capacità di integrare la climatologia, le opzioni tecnologiche, le strategie della catena di approvvigionamento, le considerazioni geopolitiche e le riforme istituzionali in una strategia nazionale coerente e a lungo termine. La transizione richiederà scelte potenzialmente impopolari e investimenti significativi, ma non agire con decisione comporterebbe costi economici, sociali, geopolitici e ambientali molto maggiori. 7. Limitazioni e direzioni per la ricerca futura I limiti principali risiedono nella mancanza di dati open source sui costi precisi dei reattori nucleari di nuova generazione, nonché sui tempi reali di costruzione, in quanto si tratta di progetti per il prossimo futuro, e nel fatto che l'azione del governo italiano per la reimplementazione dell'energia nucleare è ancora in corso. Per quanto riguarda i costi e i tempi di costruzione dei reattori, è probabile che la ricerca futura tra circa 5 anni sarà in grado di raccogliere informazioni più precise. Per quanto riguarda le traiettorie legislative italiane, il quadro politico sarà più chiaro entro i prossimi due anni, poiché la Camera dei Deputati ha appena ricevuto l'ultimo disegno di legge attuativo sul nucleare sostenibile e dato che le prossime elezioni si terranno probabilmente nella primavera del 2027, delineando un quadro più chiaro sul futuro orientamento politico in materia. Infine, la ricerca futura potrebbe anche analizzare ulteriormente il ruolo della fusione nucleare, non trattato in questa tesi poiché non si prevede che sarà disponibile prima del 2050, quindi prevedibilmente inutilizzabile per quanto riguarda gli obiettivi di zero emissioni nette di carbonio entro il 2050.
SICUREZZA ENERGETICA, GOVERNANCE E PERCORSI TECNOLOGICI. I dilemmi strategici dell’Italia nell’era della decarbonizzazione
Figliomeni, Antonio
2026
Abstract
1. Introduction This dissertation situates itself within the evolving climate change landscape, examining the interplay between climatic stress, energy transition dilemmas, material constraints, and national governance structures, focusing on the Italian case. The complexity of the Italian case is here discussed thanks to diverse analysis levels: historical and retrospective, political, economic, legal and regulatory, comparative, material-geopolitical, and engineering. Beyond the historical study of the nuclearization of the Italian energy system, its end, its subsequent attempt for reintroduction, and the several international partnerships in the field, the ongoing second re-nuclerization attempt is analyzed by the double standpoints of the political environment and the legal and regulatory processes that are currently taking place, both at several Ministries, at the Chamber of Deputies, and at various levels of regional and local administrations. Furthermore, the Italian anomaly regarding the need for top-down nuclear power's increase, external shocks, and bottom-up denuclearization adds a retrospective value, whereas a threefold international comparison with France and Germany about electricity generation, nuclear power share, and carbon intensity sheds light on three possible scenarios for Italy: folding any nuclear perspective and investing completely on renewable sources, as in the German case; wagering extensively on nuclear power and only partly relying on renewable sources; trying to mediate the two into a synergistic grand strategy. Additionally, a careful analysis of the uraniferous supplies in Italy, uranium's economic and scientific variables, and an attentive assessment of the potential international suppliers, their pros and cons, and the current political attempts of the Italian institutions to establish a closer bond with some of them provides precious insights from the international relations' point of view. Finally, a similar analysis is conducted on the engineering of nuclear reactors, their energy potential, their deployment time perspectives, their different generations and sizes, their domestic and international political feasibility, as well as on the future Italian deposit for nuclear waste and its regulatory constraints, whose efforts to localize a fitting site are similar to those which will have to take place to localize sites for eventual nuclear power plants. 1. Objectives and Research Questions This dissertation's ultimate goal is understanding the linkages between climate change and carbon emissions' cuts through the absorption of part of the national electricity demand by nuclear production. In particular, the main objective is to understand how nuclear energy could power the Italian energy transition. Within this complex landscape, three analytical questions orient the present research. RQ1: How does the interaction between climate stress, infrastructural path dependence, long-standing import reliance, and geopolitical constraints restrict Italy's room for maneuver in defining viable energy-transition strategies? RQ2: How do material constraints on low-carbon technologies – ranging from the dependence of the EU on critical raw materials to the prospective reliance on externally sourced uranium in the event of a nuclear revival – shape the strategic options available for restructuring Italy's future energy system? RQ3: What role can advanced nuclear technologies play in relation to Italy's longterm energy security and decarbonization objectives in light of the current technological state of the art and geopolitical constraints? The thesis is divided into three chapters: Chapter 1 introduces the topic, laying the theoretical framework; Chapter 2 examines the features of climate change, as well as the technological and material constraints that delimit Italy's energy transition; Chapter 3 explores the nuclear revival option through the multilevel lenses of history, national and international politics, economy, energy performance, technology, and governance. 2. Limitations of Existing Literature The essential literature review has been carried out following three main topics: 1) multilevel governance, "Unraveling the central State, but how?" (Hooghe & Marks, 2003), "The regime complex for climate change" (Keohane & Victor, 2011), "Policy innovation in a changing climate: Sources, patterns and effects" (Jordan & Huitema, 2014), "Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change" (Ostrom, 2010), "Environmental policy integration: Greening sectoral policies in Europe" contribution (Lenschow, 2002), "Environmental policy integration: A state of the art review" (Jordan & Lenschow, 2010), "Environmental policy in the EU: Actors, institutions, and processes" (Jordan & Gravey, 2021), "Multi-level governance" (Bache & Flinders, 2004), "Sustainable minerals and metals for a low-carbon future" (Sovacool et al., 2020), "The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths" (Overland, 2019), "The misallocation of climate research funding" (Overland & Sovacool, 2020), "Catalytic cooperation" (Hale, 2020), "Mission-riented innovation policies: challenges and opportunities" (Mazzucato, 2018); 2) political economy of climate, "The logic of collective action" (Olson, 1971), "Environment and statecraft: The strategy of environmental treaty-making" (Barrett, 2003), "Architectures for agreement: Addressing global climate change in the postKyoto world" (Aldy & Stavins, 2007), "Climate clubs: Overcoming free-riding in international climate policy" (Nordhaus, 2015),"Climate capitalism: Global warming and the transformation of the global economy" (Newell & Paterson, 2010), "European Green Deal necropolitics: Exploring 'green' energy transition, degrowth & infrastructural colonization" (Dunlap & Laratte, 2022), "The G20 must govern the shift to low‐carbon energy" (Goldthau, 2017), 3) energy security and geopolitics, "The concept of energy security: Beyond the four As" (Cherp & Jewell, 2014), "Transition from Hydrocarbon Geopolitics to Critical Mineral Geopolitics" (Gökçe, 2024), "The geopolitics of the energy transition: new resources and technologies" (Siddi, 2023), "Assessing the weaponability of enriched uranium trade in the geopolitics of nuclear energy: The EU-Russia interrelations" (Meyer, 2023). 3. Methodology This study adopts a qualitative-quantitative and comparative methodological approach, rooted in policy and data analysis, and supported by governmental and intergovernmental official documents as well as secondary data. The complexity of Italy's energy transition cannot be captured exclusively through quantitative or econometric techniques. Rather than modeling future trajectories through formal simulation, the research focuses on how institutional choices, political dynamics, regulatory frameworks, and geopolitical factors have structured the range of feasible options available to the country. 4. Results The dissertation's main results regard materials constraints, climatic and geopolitical considerations regarding nuclear power's potential reintroduction in Italy's electric grid, and governance limitations. Material constraints limit both renewable and nuclear energy, and the Italian lack of critical raw materials and extreme scarcity of uranium represents a problem to take into consideration for the policies to be implemented by the government. As a result, the need for their importations can replicate the problem for hydrocarbons' importation-reliance. On the other hand, the quantities of uranium needed for opening new-generation nuclear power plants are considerably tinier than hydrocarbons'. Furthermore, the climate-changing impacts from nuclear power is risible compared to hydrocarbons'. Regardless of climate change science's analyses, the need for natural-gas supply diversification and the end of the conveniently cheap Russian gas flows hinder the possibility to look at carbonintensive energy sources' substitution as a mere climate topic. No matter the strong governance obstacles represented by the local entities' prerogatives, this dissertation found technologically and economically feasible as well as geopolitical and environmentally convenient to re-introduce nuclear power, in order to increasingly lower Italy's reliance on hydrocarbons and its vulnerability to geopolitics-driven energy supply chain's disruptions as well as its carbon footprint, being renewable sources' complement rather than their rival, while cover the typical renewable energies' intermittency. 5. Contributions to Existing Literature This dissertation's results contribute to the current scientific knowledge thanks to its analysis of the ongoing institutional attempt to re-introduce nuclear power through governmental enacting bills, which were just received by the Parliament. Furthermore, this analysis regarding the historical background, Italy's carbon footprint, the Italy-France-Germany comparison in terms of carbon emissions and nuclear reliance, the study of the critical raw materials' EU jurisdiction and Italy's and EU's databases, as well as the comparison between renewable sources and nuclear power's pros and cons substantially helps to further shed light on the how going green for geopolitical reasons besides those more strictly related to the environment, and why it would be convenient to do so in Italy. Ultimately, the findings of this dissertation contribute to a more integrated understanding of the constraints and opportunities that define Italy’s climate-energy nexus. While the challenges are considerable, Italy possesses the potential for shaping a resilient and sustainable future, provided that it can align its institutional capacity and technological choices within a pragmatic framework required the rapidly changing energy system. 6. Conclusions This dissertation has examined the intersection of climate change, energy transition pathways, material constraints, and multilevel governance through the lens of the Italian case. By integrating scientific evidence, political economy analysis, historicalinstitutional perspectives, technological and material factors, and geopolitics, this research has demonstrated that Italy’s decarbonization trajectory is shaped not only by climatic imperatives but by structural dependencies, fragmented governance, geopolitical vulnerabilities, technological path dependencies, and socio-institutional veto players. Nuclear energy – both conventional and advanced designs – must be reassessed within Italy’s energy security debate. No single energy source can realistically sustain decarbonization efforts alone. Instead, energy systems must integrate a diversified set of low-carbon options while managing their respective constraints. While nuclear power is not a panacea, its high capacity factor and risible carbon emissions make it a potentially valuable complement to renewables in scenarios requiring deep decarbonization and grid stability. The conclusion is not that Italy must adopt nuclear energy in order to resolve the climate crisis – Italy's carbon footprint is so narrow that even an abrupt zeroing of its emissions would not make a difference – nor that its implementation would solve all its energy problems, nor that it must become a nuclear-focused energy system following the French example. Rather, the ultimate conclusion is that its inclusion in a renewable-nuclear dual energy system would allow to counterbalance renewable energy sources' downsides and achieve the net zero carbon objective. Conversely, a priori depriving the national grid of nuclear power would reduce the strategic flexibility in ways that may undermine long-term decarbonization and even energy-related national security. The Italian case demonstrates that climate action is a multidimensional governance challenge shaped by material realities and geopolitical constraints. The success of Italy’s decarbonization will depend on its ability to integrate climate science, technological options, supply-chain strategies, geopolitical considerations, and institutional reforms into a coherent and long-term national strategy. The transition will require potentially unpopular choices and significant investments, but failure to act decisively would entail far greater economic, social, geopolitical, and environmental costs. 7. Limitations and Directions for Future Research The main limitations lie in the lack of open source data regarding the precise costs of the new-generation nuclear reactors, as well as their real construction time as they are projects for the close future, and the fact that the Italian government's action for reimplementing nuclear power is still ongoing. Regarding the reactors' costs and construction time, future research in about 5 years is likely to be able to gather more precise information. About the Italian legislative trajectories, the political framework will be clearer within the next two years, as the Chamber of Deputies just receive the latest enacting bill on sustainable nuclear and given that the next election are likely to be held in spring 2027, outlining a clearer picture on the future political direction on the subject. Finally, future research could also further analyze the role of nuclear fusion, not covered in this thesis as it is not expected to be available before 2050, therefore predictably unusable regarding net-zero carbon targets by 2050.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/373446
URN:NBN:IT:UNISTRADA-373446