The growing demand for advanced photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and technological platforms that ensure high performance in telecommunications, sensing, metrology, and space applications has driven the development of laser sources with improved coherence, spectral purity, compactness, and integration density. Conventional monolithic semiconductor lasers, while a mature technology, face fundamental limitations in linewidth, tunability, and phase noise that prevent them from meeting the requirements of next generation systems. These requirements have motivated a major shift toward hybrid external cavity laser (HECL) architectures, in which an active gain element, typically a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), reflective SOA (RSOA), or erbium doped waveguide amplifier (EDWA), is coupled to a passive PIC integrating reflectors and other optical components. By combining the high optical gain of III–V semiconductor materials with the ultra low propagation losses and mature fabrication techniques of silicon on insulator (SOI) or silicon nitride (SiN) waveguide platforms, hybrid lasers can achieve narrow linewidths, low phase noise, broad wavelength tunability, and chip scale footprints. This thesis, entitled “Side coupled Fabry–Pérot devices for integrated hybrid lasers”, aims to develop and experimentally validate a new class of wavelength selective resonant reflectors based on SiN integrated side coupled Fabry–Pérot (SC FP) architectures and to integrate them with active gain elements to realize high performance HECLs. The SC FP device, consisting of a DBR bounded (Distributed Bragg Reflector – bounded) cavity evanescently coupled to a bus waveguide, is designed, fabricated, and characterized as a tunable high Q resonant reflector supporting both single and multi wavelength operation in the C band. By systematically engineering mirror reflectivity, coupling strength, cavity geometry, and grating design, this work shows that SC FP resonators can be tailored for distinct functionalities, ranging from broad stopband operation to highly selective filters and reflectors, as well as dispersive cavities suitable for nonlinear applications. Building on this versatile platform, SC-FP structures are implemented in HECL configurations that evolve from fiber-coupled external-cavity assemblies to fully integrated heterogeneous platforms on a single PIC. A first laser configuration combines a SiN PIC hosting the SC-FP reflector with fiber-based balanced and unbalanced Sagnac loop reflectors, together with a commercial fiber-coupled SOA. This architecture demonstrates a hybrid laser with multi-wavelength emission aligned to the SC-FP resonances, using a fiber-assisted HECL scheme with an external-cavity extending over tens of meters. Despite longitudinal-mode competition within each lasing peak, isolating a single resonance enables coherent pulse-train generation with RF linewidths of a few kilohertz, around 3 kHz, and clear signatures of partially harmonic mode locking. Further evolution towards a more integrated hybrid laser configuration has been achieved by assessing butt-coupling between the RSOA gain and SIN passive circuit chips, in a fiber-free external-cavity and reducing the external cavity length from meters to the millimeter scale, which enhances mechanical robustness and polarization stability while preserving spectral control. This two-chip butt-coupled HECL exhibits single wavelength operation with side mode suppression ratios (SMSRs) above 45 dB, and preliminary heterodyne measurements indicating sub 100 kHz optical linewidths, when a systematic analysis of different RSOAs and SC-FPs has been conducted. The constraints of the latter configuration, particularly in terms of mechanical robustness, polarization control, and alignment stability during multi-chip handling, led to the realization of a highly compact HECL architecture by transfer printing the RSOA directly onto the SiN PIC silicon substrate. While posing a more challenging single-chip integration route in terms of thermal and alignment control, it offers the most stable performance and potentially higher output power, with sub-50 kHz laser linewidths, single-wavelength operation with side-mode suppression exceeding 40 dB, and preliminary on-chip output powers up to 0.6 mW. These results consolidate SC FP based HECLs as scalable building blocks for compact, high performance single and multi wavelength integrated laser sources for potential application as refractive-index sensors and compact optical frequency comb (OFC) for space applications. In this framework, ultra-narrow HECL emission reports the reduction of the detection limit by about two orders of magnitude ({10}^{-5} RIU) compared with passive resonator-based refractive index sensors, while heterodyne-based sensing further improves it to around {10}^{-7} RIU by exploiting the MHz-level beat note, well beyond the capabilities of standard spectrometric techniques and direct lasing measurements. Multi-wavelength HECL-based OFC sources are promising for space, leveraging comb technologies already demonstrated in free-space links, atomic clocks, spectroscopy, atmospheric sensing, and astronomy. Hybrid laser platforms are well suited to space photonics because they combine high performance with reliability and size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints, while also meeting the high-power, low-phase-noise, and frequency-stability requirements of FSO links.
La crescente domanda di photonic integrated circuits (PICs) avanzati e di piattaforme tecnologiche in grado di garantire prestazioni elevate nelle telecomunicazioni, nel sensing, nella metrologia e nelle applicazioni spaziali ha accelerato lo sviluppo di sorgenti laser caratterizzate da maggiore coerenza, purezza spettrale, compattezza e densità di integrazione. I tradizionali laser semiconduttori monolitici, pur rappresentando una tecnologia matura, presentano limitazioni intrinseche in linewidth, tunability e phase noise che ne ostacolano l’impiego nei sistemi di nuova generazione. Queste esigenze hanno favorito una transizione verso architetture hybrid external-cavity laser (HECL), nelle quali un elemento attivo di guadagno, tipicamente un semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), reflective SOA (RSOA) o erbium-doped waveguide amplifier (EDWA), viene accoppiato a un PIC passivo che integra riflettori e altri componenti ottici. Combinando l’elevato guadagno ottico dei materiali III-V con le ultralow propagation losses e le tecniche di fabbricazione mature delle piattaforme silicon-on-insulator (SOI) o silicon nitride (SiN), gli hybrid lasers possono offrire linewidth estremamente ridotte, basso phase noise, ampia tunability in lunghezza d’onda e ingombro su scala chip. Questa tesi, intitolata Side-coupled Fabry–Pérot devices for integrated hybrid lasers, mira a sviluppare e validare sperimentalmente una nuova classe di riflettori risonanti selettivi in lunghezza d’onda basata su architetture side-coupled Fabry–Pérot (SCFP) integrate in SiN, e a integrarle con elementi attivi di guadagno per realizzare HECL ad alte prestazioni. Il dispositivo SCFP, costituito da una cavità delimitata da distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) e accoppiata evanescentemente a una bus waveguide, viene progettato, fabbricato e caratterizzato come riflettore risonante ad alto Q e sintonizzabile, in grado di supportare sia funzionamento single-wavelength sia multiwavelength nella C-band. Attraverso l’ingegnerizzazione sistematica della riflettività degli specchi, della coupling strength, della geometria della cavità e del design dei reticoli, questo lavoro mostra che i resonators SCFP possono essere adattati a funzionalità distinte, da operazioni a banda larga (broad stopband) a filtri e riflettori altamente selettivi, fino a cavità dispersive adatte ad applicazioni non lineari. Su questa base, le strutture SCFP vengono implementate in configurazioni HECL che evolvono da architetture a cavità esterna accoppiata in fibra fino a piattaforme eterogenee completamente integrate su un singolo PIC. Una prima configurazione laser combina un PIC in SiN che ospita il riflettore SCFP con Sagnac loop reflectors bilanciati e sbilanciati realizzati in fibra, insieme a un SOA commerciale accoppiato in fibra. Questa architettura dimostra un laser ibrido con emissione multi-wavelength allineata alle risonanze SCFP, utilizzando uno schema HECL assistito da fibra con cavità esterna estesa per decine di metri. Nonostante la competizione tra i modi longitudinali della cavità all’interno di ciascun picco di lasing, l’isolamento di una singola risonanza consente la generazione coerente di treni di impulsi con RF linewidth dell’ordine di pochi kilohertz, circa 3 kHz, e chiari segnali di partially harmonic mode locking. Un’evoluzione successiva verso una configurazione più integrata è stata ottenuta valutando il butt-coupling tra il gain RSOA e il circuito passivo in SiN, in una cavità esterna priva di fibra e ridotta da dimensioni dell’ordine dei metri a quelle millimetriche, migliorando robustezza meccanica e stabilità della polarizzazione pur mantenendo il controllo spettrale. Questa configurazione HECL a due chip mostra funzionamento single-wavelength con side-mode suppression ratios (SMSRs) superiori a 45 dB, mentre misure eterodina preliminari indicano linewidth ottiche inferiori a 100 kHz, a seguito di un’analisi sistematica di diversi RSOA e SCFP. I vincoli di questa configurazione, in particolare in termini di robustezza meccanica, controllo della polarizzazione e stabilità di allineamento durante la manipolazione multi-chip, hanno portato alla realizzazione di un’architettura HECL ancora più compatta mediante transfer printing dell’RSOA direttamente sul substrato del PIC in SiN. Sebbene questa soluzione richieda un controllo più critico della gestione termica e dell’allineamento, essa offre le prestazioni più stabili e un potenziale incremento della potenza di uscita, con linewidth inferiori a 50 kHz, funzionamento single-wavelength con side-mode suppression superiore a 40 dB e potenze di uscita on-chip preliminari fino a 0.6 mW. Nel complesso, questi risultati consolidano gli HECL basati su SCFP come building blocks scalabili per sorgenti laser integrate compatte, ad alte prestazioni, single- e multi-wavelength, con possibili applicazioni come sensori di indice di rifrazione e compact optical frequency comb (OFC) per applicazioni spaziali. In questo contesto, l’emissione ultra-narrow degli HECL può ridurre il detection limit di circa due ordini di grandezza, fino a circa RIU rispetto ai sensori basati su risonatori passivi, mentre il sensing eterodina può migliorarlo ulteriormente fino a circa RIU sfruttando il beat note nell’intervallo dei MHz, ben oltre le capacità delle tecniche spettrometriche standard e delle misure dirette di lasing. Le sorgenti multi-wavelength HECL-based OFC risultano inoltre promettenti per applicazioni spaziali, grazie a tecnologie già dimostrate in free-space links, atomic clocks, spectroscopy, atmospheric sensing e astronomy, e perché combinano alte prestazioni con i vincoli di SWaP, alta potenza, basso phase noise e stabilità in frequenza richiesti nei sistemi FSO.
Side-coupled Fabry-Pérot devices for integrated hybrid lasers
MONOPOLI, DAVIDE
2026
Abstract
The growing demand for advanced photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and technological platforms that ensure high performance in telecommunications, sensing, metrology, and space applications has driven the development of laser sources with improved coherence, spectral purity, compactness, and integration density. Conventional monolithic semiconductor lasers, while a mature technology, face fundamental limitations in linewidth, tunability, and phase noise that prevent them from meeting the requirements of next generation systems. These requirements have motivated a major shift toward hybrid external cavity laser (HECL) architectures, in which an active gain element, typically a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), reflective SOA (RSOA), or erbium doped waveguide amplifier (EDWA), is coupled to a passive PIC integrating reflectors and other optical components. By combining the high optical gain of III–V semiconductor materials with the ultra low propagation losses and mature fabrication techniques of silicon on insulator (SOI) or silicon nitride (SiN) waveguide platforms, hybrid lasers can achieve narrow linewidths, low phase noise, broad wavelength tunability, and chip scale footprints. This thesis, entitled “Side coupled Fabry–Pérot devices for integrated hybrid lasers”, aims to develop and experimentally validate a new class of wavelength selective resonant reflectors based on SiN integrated side coupled Fabry–Pérot (SC FP) architectures and to integrate them with active gain elements to realize high performance HECLs. The SC FP device, consisting of a DBR bounded (Distributed Bragg Reflector – bounded) cavity evanescently coupled to a bus waveguide, is designed, fabricated, and characterized as a tunable high Q resonant reflector supporting both single and multi wavelength operation in the C band. By systematically engineering mirror reflectivity, coupling strength, cavity geometry, and grating design, this work shows that SC FP resonators can be tailored for distinct functionalities, ranging from broad stopband operation to highly selective filters and reflectors, as well as dispersive cavities suitable for nonlinear applications. Building on this versatile platform, SC-FP structures are implemented in HECL configurations that evolve from fiber-coupled external-cavity assemblies to fully integrated heterogeneous platforms on a single PIC. A first laser configuration combines a SiN PIC hosting the SC-FP reflector with fiber-based balanced and unbalanced Sagnac loop reflectors, together with a commercial fiber-coupled SOA. This architecture demonstrates a hybrid laser with multi-wavelength emission aligned to the SC-FP resonances, using a fiber-assisted HECL scheme with an external-cavity extending over tens of meters. Despite longitudinal-mode competition within each lasing peak, isolating a single resonance enables coherent pulse-train generation with RF linewidths of a few kilohertz, around 3 kHz, and clear signatures of partially harmonic mode locking. Further evolution towards a more integrated hybrid laser configuration has been achieved by assessing butt-coupling between the RSOA gain and SIN passive circuit chips, in a fiber-free external-cavity and reducing the external cavity length from meters to the millimeter scale, which enhances mechanical robustness and polarization stability while preserving spectral control. This two-chip butt-coupled HECL exhibits single wavelength operation with side mode suppression ratios (SMSRs) above 45 dB, and preliminary heterodyne measurements indicating sub 100 kHz optical linewidths, when a systematic analysis of different RSOAs and SC-FPs has been conducted. The constraints of the latter configuration, particularly in terms of mechanical robustness, polarization control, and alignment stability during multi-chip handling, led to the realization of a highly compact HECL architecture by transfer printing the RSOA directly onto the SiN PIC silicon substrate. While posing a more challenging single-chip integration route in terms of thermal and alignment control, it offers the most stable performance and potentially higher output power, with sub-50 kHz laser linewidths, single-wavelength operation with side-mode suppression exceeding 40 dB, and preliminary on-chip output powers up to 0.6 mW. These results consolidate SC FP based HECLs as scalable building blocks for compact, high performance single and multi wavelength integrated laser sources for potential application as refractive-index sensors and compact optical frequency comb (OFC) for space applications. In this framework, ultra-narrow HECL emission reports the reduction of the detection limit by about two orders of magnitude ({10}^{-5} RIU) compared with passive resonator-based refractive index sensors, while heterodyne-based sensing further improves it to around {10}^{-7} RIU by exploiting the MHz-level beat note, well beyond the capabilities of standard spectrometric techniques and direct lasing measurements. Multi-wavelength HECL-based OFC sources are promising for space, leveraging comb technologies already demonstrated in free-space links, atomic clocks, spectroscopy, atmospheric sensing, and astronomy. Hybrid laser platforms are well suited to space photonics because they combine high performance with reliability and size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints, while also meeting the high-power, low-phase-noise, and frequency-stability requirements of FSO links.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/373830
URN:NBN:IT:POLIBA-373830