Cotton, the world’s leading natural fiber, underpins an industry valued at 5.68 billion USD. However, its cultivation faces major sustainability challenges due to high water and energy demands, intensive chemical use, and the lack of effective organic defoliants for mechanical harvesting, which currently limits organic cotton to only 0.5% of global production. A literature review identified key agronomic innovations supporting sustainability, including inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, crop rotation, cover cropping, and low-input irrigation strategies. A second review on Life Cycle Assessment in the cotton supply chain revealed that most environmental impacts occur during cultivation - mainly linked to water use, fertilizers, and pesticides - and in the product use phase. Based on these findings, two complementary field studies were carried out in Sicily (Southern Italy). The first, conducted at two sites (Catania and Palermo), assessed two cultivars (Armonia and ST-318) under three irrigation regimes (100%, 70%, and 30% of reference evapotranspiration, ETc), with and without mycorrhizal inoculation. Results showed that microorganism inoculation increased fiber yield (up to 0.99 t ha⁻¹), boll number, and plant height, with stronger effects in soils richer in organic matter. Moderate water deficit (70% ETc) preserved 75–79% of maximum yield while improving water use efficiency (up to 1.43 kg m⁻³). Armonia displayed greater drought tolerance, whereas ST-318 performed best under full irrigation. The second study, aimed at overcoming the limitation posed by the widespread use of synthetic defoliants, compared pelargonic acid, a rapidly biodegradable compound, with the synthetic defoliant pyraflufen-ethyl and a water control, each applied at three different rates. The experiment, conducted over the 2023–2024 biennium at the Catania University experimental farm, was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Parameters measured included defoliation efficacy, root diameter, boll number, boll weight, and yield components. Pelargonic acid at 16 L ha⁻¹ achieved the highest boll number per plant in 2024, surpassing pyraflufen-ethyl at label rate, while 12 L ha⁻¹ improved root diameter over the chemical control. Although pyraflufen-ethyl at 1.5 L ha⁻¹ gave the highest boll weight in 2024, pelargonic acid at 18 L ha⁻¹ provided comparable defoliation without adverse yield effects. Together, these studies show that combining biologically based soil fertility management, optimized irrigation, and environmentally safe defoliation can foster the revival of cotton cultivation in southern Italy. This low-input, high-efficiency approach aligns with agroecological principles and provides a viable pathway for reintroducing sustainable cotton systems in the Mediterranean environments.
Il cotone, principale fibra naturale a livello mondiale, alimenta un settore dal valore di 5,68 miliardi di USD. Tuttavia, la sua coltivazione presenta rilevanti criticità di sostenibilità, legate all’elevata domanda idrica, all’uso intensivo di input chimici e all’assenza di defoglianti organici efficaci per la raccolta meccanica, fattore che limita la produzione di cotone biologico a livello mondiale. Una review approfondita della letteratura scientifica ha individuato le principali innovazioni agronomiche orientate alla sostenibilità, tra cui l’inoculo di micorrize, la rotazione colturale, le tecniche di inerbimento e i metodi irrigui a basso input. Una seconda review, focalizzata sull’applicazione del Life Cycle Assessment alla filiera del cotone, ha evidenziato che i principali impatti ambientali si manifestano nella fase colturale, principalmente a causa del consumo idrico, fertilizzanti e fitofarmaci, oltre che nella fase di utilizzo del prodotto. Sulla base di queste evidenze, sono stati condotti due studi sperimentali in Sicilia. Il primo, condotto in due località (Catania e Palermo), ha valutato le performance di due cultivar di cotone (Armonia e ST-318) sottoposte a tre regimi irrigui (100%, 70% e 30% dell’evapotraspirazione di riferimento, ETc), con e senza inoculo di micorrize. I risultati hanno evidenziato come le micorrize abbiano incrementato significativamente la resa in fibra (fino a 0,99 t ha⁻¹), il numero di capsule e l’altezza delle piante, con effetti più marcati nei suoli ricchi di sostanza organica. Un moderato deficit idrico (70% ETc) ha consentito di preservare il 75–79% della resa massima riscontrata, migliorando l’efficienza nell’uso dell’acqua fino a 1,43 kg m⁻³. Armonia ha manifestato una maggiore tolleranza allo stress idrico, mentre ST-318 ha registrato performance superiori in condizioni irrigue ottimali. Il secondo studio, concepito per ovviare alle criticità legate all’uso intensivo di defoglianti sintetici, ha confrontato l’acido pelargonico, un composto rapidamente biodegradabile, con il defogliante sintetico piraflufen-etile e un controllo (acqua), applicati ciascuno a tre diversi dosaggi. La sperimentazione è stata svolta nel biennio 2023-2024, presso l’Azienda Agraria dell’Università di Catania, con un disegno a blocchi randomizzati con tre repliche. L’applicazione di acido pelargonico a 16 L ha⁻¹ ha determinato il maggior numero di capsule nel 2024, superando il piraflufen-etile alla dose raccomandata in etichetta. Sebbene il piraflufen-etile a 1,5 L ha⁻¹ abbia garantito un peso medio della capsula più alto, l’acido pelargonico a 18 L ha⁻¹ ha garantito un’efficacia defogliante comparabile, senza penalizzare la resa. In sintesi, i risultati indicano come un approccio sostenibile che valorizzi la simbiosi microbica, l’efficienza idrica e l’uso di defoglianti a basso impatto ambientale, possa rilanciare la coltivazione del cotone nel bacino del Mediterraneo, offrendo un sistema colturale a bassi input e ad alta efficienza, conforme ai principi agroecologici.
Agronomic and qualitative aspects of organic cotton cultivation [Aspetti agronomici e qualitativi della coltivazione del cotone biologico]
VITALE, GIUSEPPE SALVATORE
2026
Abstract
Cotton, the world’s leading natural fiber, underpins an industry valued at 5.68 billion USD. However, its cultivation faces major sustainability challenges due to high water and energy demands, intensive chemical use, and the lack of effective organic defoliants for mechanical harvesting, which currently limits organic cotton to only 0.5% of global production. A literature review identified key agronomic innovations supporting sustainability, including inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, crop rotation, cover cropping, and low-input irrigation strategies. A second review on Life Cycle Assessment in the cotton supply chain revealed that most environmental impacts occur during cultivation - mainly linked to water use, fertilizers, and pesticides - and in the product use phase. Based on these findings, two complementary field studies were carried out in Sicily (Southern Italy). The first, conducted at two sites (Catania and Palermo), assessed two cultivars (Armonia and ST-318) under three irrigation regimes (100%, 70%, and 30% of reference evapotranspiration, ETc), with and without mycorrhizal inoculation. Results showed that microorganism inoculation increased fiber yield (up to 0.99 t ha⁻¹), boll number, and plant height, with stronger effects in soils richer in organic matter. Moderate water deficit (70% ETc) preserved 75–79% of maximum yield while improving water use efficiency (up to 1.43 kg m⁻³). Armonia displayed greater drought tolerance, whereas ST-318 performed best under full irrigation. The second study, aimed at overcoming the limitation posed by the widespread use of synthetic defoliants, compared pelargonic acid, a rapidly biodegradable compound, with the synthetic defoliant pyraflufen-ethyl and a water control, each applied at three different rates. The experiment, conducted over the 2023–2024 biennium at the Catania University experimental farm, was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Parameters measured included defoliation efficacy, root diameter, boll number, boll weight, and yield components. Pelargonic acid at 16 L ha⁻¹ achieved the highest boll number per plant in 2024, surpassing pyraflufen-ethyl at label rate, while 12 L ha⁻¹ improved root diameter over the chemical control. Although pyraflufen-ethyl at 1.5 L ha⁻¹ gave the highest boll weight in 2024, pelargonic acid at 18 L ha⁻¹ provided comparable defoliation without adverse yield effects. Together, these studies show that combining biologically based soil fertility management, optimized irrigation, and environmentally safe defoliation can foster the revival of cotton cultivation in southern Italy. This low-input, high-efficiency approach aligns with agroecological principles and provides a viable pathway for reintroducing sustainable cotton systems in the Mediterranean environments.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/373901
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-373901