In Sicily, the disposal of low-quality sheep wool represents a persistent environmental challenge. Produced annually as an inevitable by-product of sheep farming, this material has little or no market value and is often illegally discarded, leading to ecological and economic concerns. At the same time, wool is a natural, renewable, and recyclable fibre with remarkable thermal and acoustic properties, biodegradability, and mechanical potential. These characteristics make it suitable for innovative uses in the construction sector one of the world’s most environmentally impactful industries, responsible for nearly 50% of global CO₂ emissions, 20-50% of energy and resource consumption, and about half of solid waste production. In this context, the valorisation of agricultural residues such as wool is increasingly recognized as a strategic pathway toward sustainable development and circular economy models. This PhD project was designed to explore the reuse of Sicilian sheep wool for innovative green building applications through complementary research phases. First, a GIS-based model was developed to quantify annual wool availability and map the distribution of sheep farms, identifying the most suitable territorial areas for establishing collection centres to enable an efficient supply chain. Second, a systematic literature review examined the state of the art on wool fibres in construction materials, highlighting both their advantages in thermal-acoustic performance and reinforcement capacity, as well as the technological and economic barriers that still limit wider adoption. The third phase focused on experimental testing. Sicilian wool was spun into yarn and assessed for its mechanical performance in both dry from and after impregnation with a bio-based resin. Results revealed that resin impregnation significantly improved mechanical properties, particularly when pre-tensioning was applied during polymerization, which enhanced fibre alignment and structural compaction. These findings confirmed the potential of wool yarn as a reinforcing element in bio-based polymer composites for construction. Finally, a systematic review of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies on wool across livestock, textile, and construction sectors was carried out. This review identified key methodological challenges, such as allocation procedures, system boundaries, and fibre quality, that strongly influence the results. Nevertheless, the evidence consistently indicated that low-quality or recycled wool is associated with lower environmental impacts, reinforcing its role as a sustainable raw material within circular bioeconomy strategies. Overall, this work demonstrates that Sicilian sheep wool, currently regarded as a problematic waste, can be transformed into a valuable renewable resource. By integrating territorial mapping, experimental testing, and environmental assessment, the research establishes a framework for sustainable valorisation, offering new opportunities for green building applications while reducing agricultural waste and its environmental footprint.
In Sicilia, la lana ovina di bassa qualità rappresenta da anni un problema ambientale irrisolto: inevitabilmente prodotta dagli allevamenti, è spesso priva di mercato e smaltita illegalmente, con conseguenze significative sul territorio rurale. Paradossalmente, questa stessa fibra possiede caratteristiche che la rendono una risorsa preziosa: è naturale, rinnovabile, biodegradabile e dotata di ottime proprietà termo-acustiche. In un contesto in cui il settore delle costruzioni contribuisce per circa il 50% alle emissioni globali di CO₂, consuma enormi quantità di risorse energetiche e naturali e produce quasi la metà dei rifiuti solidi, la valorizzazione di scarti agricoli come la lana diventa una strategia concreta per ridurre l’impatto ambientale e favorire una transizione verso l’economia circolare. Il progetto di dottorato si inserisce in questo scenario con l’obiettivo di indagare il potenziale della lana ovina siciliana di bassa qualità per applicazioni innovative in edilizia. La ricerca si è sviluppata lungo un percorso integrato che ha combinato analisi territoriali, attività sperimentali e valutazioni ambientali. In primo luogo, mediante un modello GIS, è stata stimata la quantità annuale di lana disponibile e la distribuzione degli allevamenti, individuando aree idonee per la localizzazione di futuri centri di raccolta e gestione sostenibile. Parallelamente, una revisione sistematica della letteratura ha fornito un quadro aggiornato sull’impiego della lana nei materiali da costruzione, evidenziandone i vantaggi prestazionali e le criticità tecnologiche ed economiche ancora da superare. La fase sperimentale ha poi permesso di trasformare la lana siciliana in filato e di sottoporlo a test meccanici in condizioni secche e impregnate con resina bio-based. I risultati hanno dimostrato che l’impregnazione, soprattutto con pre-tensione, migliora significativamente resistenza a trazione e modulo elastico, confermando la validità del filato come rinforzo in biocompositi per il settore edilizio. Infine, attraverso una revisione sistematica degli studi di Life Cycle Assessment applicati alla lana nei settori zootecnico, tessile ed edilizio, sono state messe in luce le criticità metodologiche e la variabilità dei risultati, strettamente legate al contesto produttivo e alla qualità della fibra. È emerso tuttavia un quadro concorde: l’impiego di lana di bassa qualità o riciclata può contribuire a ridurne gli impatti ambientali, favorendone la piena integrazione in modelli di bioeconomia circolare. Nel complesso, i risultati di questa ricerca dimostrano che la lana ovina siciliana, oggi considerata uno scarto problematico, può diventare una risorsa rinnovabile e sostenibile, offrendo nuove opportunità per il settore edilizio e per la gestione circolare delle risorse agricole.
Valorisation of sicilian sheep wool: an integrated methodological pathway from local resource to sustainable materials [Valorizzazione della lana ovina siciliana: un percorso metodologico integrato dalla risorsa locale ai materiali sostenibili]
MIDOLO, Giusi
2026
Abstract
In Sicily, the disposal of low-quality sheep wool represents a persistent environmental challenge. Produced annually as an inevitable by-product of sheep farming, this material has little or no market value and is often illegally discarded, leading to ecological and economic concerns. At the same time, wool is a natural, renewable, and recyclable fibre with remarkable thermal and acoustic properties, biodegradability, and mechanical potential. These characteristics make it suitable for innovative uses in the construction sector one of the world’s most environmentally impactful industries, responsible for nearly 50% of global CO₂ emissions, 20-50% of energy and resource consumption, and about half of solid waste production. In this context, the valorisation of agricultural residues such as wool is increasingly recognized as a strategic pathway toward sustainable development and circular economy models. This PhD project was designed to explore the reuse of Sicilian sheep wool for innovative green building applications through complementary research phases. First, a GIS-based model was developed to quantify annual wool availability and map the distribution of sheep farms, identifying the most suitable territorial areas for establishing collection centres to enable an efficient supply chain. Second, a systematic literature review examined the state of the art on wool fibres in construction materials, highlighting both their advantages in thermal-acoustic performance and reinforcement capacity, as well as the technological and economic barriers that still limit wider adoption. The third phase focused on experimental testing. Sicilian wool was spun into yarn and assessed for its mechanical performance in both dry from and after impregnation with a bio-based resin. Results revealed that resin impregnation significantly improved mechanical properties, particularly when pre-tensioning was applied during polymerization, which enhanced fibre alignment and structural compaction. These findings confirmed the potential of wool yarn as a reinforcing element in bio-based polymer composites for construction. Finally, a systematic review of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies on wool across livestock, textile, and construction sectors was carried out. This review identified key methodological challenges, such as allocation procedures, system boundaries, and fibre quality, that strongly influence the results. Nevertheless, the evidence consistently indicated that low-quality or recycled wool is associated with lower environmental impacts, reinforcing its role as a sustainable raw material within circular bioeconomy strategies. Overall, this work demonstrates that Sicilian sheep wool, currently regarded as a problematic waste, can be transformed into a valuable renewable resource. By integrating territorial mapping, experimental testing, and environmental assessment, the research establishes a framework for sustainable valorisation, offering new opportunities for green building applications while reducing agricultural waste and its environmental footprint.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/373909
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-373909