The challenge of sustainability and “greenness” requires adopting a holistic perspective—one capable of interpreting phenomena and guiding processes from environmental, economic, and social points of view. In this context, culture—as a resource of identity, a tool for negotiation, and a vehicle for diplomacy—represents a fundamental instrument to be employed. At the same time, achieving the goals of the 2030 Agenda can serve as a key driver of growth for cultural and creative enterprises, particularly those in the film sector. When referring to film enterprises here, we are mainly speaking about film festivals—entities that present specific challenges of analysis, starting with the lack of a universally accepted definition of what constitutes a festival. Furthermore, given that film festival research is a relatively new field (emerging in the early 1990s), the literature remains fragmented and incomplete, with various subfields but little cohesion. The intersection of two crucial areas for this study—film festivals and environmental sustainability—is particularly underexplored. Discussions about greenness in the context of festivals are often limited to organizational aspects of the events, which, while important, overlook a complementary dimension: the meaning behind sustainability-related communication practices. For these reasons, the festival as an object of study is of particular interest in this work. It seeks to answer the following questions: What is the current state of the film industry in terms of sustainability? How are actors, spaces, narratives, values, and technologies related to environmental sustainability reflected in European film festivals? In what ways do festivals, as formal and informal spaces of exchange, contribute to the creation of transcultural communities characterised by existing and future sustainability practices? Moreover, how can web and social media analysis contribute to digitally integrating reflections on the interconnectedness between film festivals and sustainability (not only environmental)? Given this complex research question, the project proposes three general objectives: first, to examine the current state of the film industry in terms of sustainability and sustainability communication management; secondly, to develop monitoring and evaluation tools aimed at, on one hand, assessing the effectiveness of communication actions by film enterprises; and on the other, improving them by establishing self-assessment tools that promote full awareness of the sustainability culture; in the end, to contribute to the development of a new generation of professionals and audiences in the film industry who are fully aware of “green” issues. The methodological framework adopted will be a multi-phase process based on the analysis of the communication strategies of festivals, a subsequent socio-ethnographic investigation of selected case studies, and web and social media research. Initially, the project involved a systematization of Italian and English literature, focusing on academic articles, scientific texts, and key reports in this field, drawn from the following databases: Web of Science; JSTOR; ProQuest Arts & Humanities; Scopus, FIAF; Sage; Opac Unicatt; WorldCat Utrecht University. A wide range of results emerged, leading to a selection process that narrowed the material down to 165 contributions, forming two literature review frameworks focused on the project’s two major themes. Following the selection of primary sources, a mapping of the current state of film festivals in Italy and across Europe was conducted, with particular reference to the Netherlands—a country of interest due to its known challenges in connecting local cinema with the concept of environmental sustainability. The creation of a festival database—proposed here for the first time—aimed to reconstruct the network of currently active film festivals in the two countries, based on criteria such as geographic location, event mission, characteristic film genre, and the size of the festival. A total of 80 film festivals were mapped in the Netherlands, still active as of 2025, compared to 172 in Italy during the monitoring period of 2023–2025. From this broad corpus, two semantic maps were created to identify a sub-sample of European festivals to focus on, working along two directions: on the one hand, explicitly green-themed festivals (e.g., CinemAmbiente in Turin) were deliberately excluded; on the other, attention was placed on a smaller group of festivals (45 in Italy, 20 in the Netherlands) whose missions referenced sustainable festival policies, with particular emphasis on small-to-medium-sized festivals—those in continuous growth. Based on the well-known distinction between “business-oriented” and “audience-oriented” festivals (Peranson 2008), the project focused on the latter—festivals geared toward their audiences and thus generally developing—rather than A-list festivals (e.g., the Venice Biennale), which are business-focused and already well established globally. This selection process ultimately led to the identification of two case studies most aligned with the research question: the Lago Film Fest (Revine Lago, Treviso, Italy) and the Leiden International Film Festival (Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands), both promoters of independent cinema. In addition to the literature review and case study analysis, it was deemed appropriate to integrate a research methodology centred on social listening (Galli 2018)—a valuable tool for marketing professionals and research institutes to understand online discourse around specific topics and to formulate strategic actions. In this study, the methodology was provided by Blogmeter, a Milan-based research institute and project partner. Its Social Suite platform includes several components designed to listen to online discussions through sentiment analysis and to assess the influence of influencers and opinion leaders across sectors. This tool enabled a deeper exploration of digital discourse surrounding the European cinematic landscape. More specifically, it allowed for the collection of public opinions regarding the two case studies, with the ultimate goal of enriching the understanding of the relationship between film festivals and sustainability communication—complementing data already gathered through qualitative investigations (structured interviews and life stories) conducted on-site at the two festivals in 2024. Space, discourse, practice: these are the keywords used to explore the dimension of film events, viewing the festival event as a network of social discourses, spaces, actors, practices, and rituals related to environmental sustainability. Based on these considerations, the research aimed to reconstruct a new kind of ecological practice, offering an alternative perspective to the typical managerial focus of festivals on environmental matters (such as recycling, green transportation, energy saving, etc.). Instead, it seeks to highlight a deeper level: the meaning of ecological practice for festival audiences, as interpreted through the communication strategies employed by the management teams of European film festivals.
La sfida della sostenibilità e della «greenness» richiede l’adozione di una prospettiva olistica, in grado di leggere i fenomeni e di orientare i processi dal punto di vista ambientale, economico e sociale. In questa prospettiva la cultura, come patrimonio, risorsa identitaria, strumento di negoziazione e di diplomazia rappresenta, come sappiamo, una fondamentale risorsa. Al contempo, il raggiungimento degli obiettivi contenuti nell’Agenda 2030 possono essere un importante motore di crescita per le imprese culturali e creative. Il progetto si propone i seguenti obiettivi generali: esaminare lo stato dell’arte delle imprese del settore cinematografico in materia di sostenibilità e gestione della comunicazione sulla sostenibilità; sviluppare strumenti di monitoraggio e di valutazione finalizzati da un lato a monitorare per le industrie cinematografiche l’efficacia delle proprie azioni comunicative; dall’altro a favorire un uso etico e corretto dei dati della rete da parte delle agenzie di comunicazione; favorire lo sviluppo di maggiore consapevolezza e cultura sulla sostenibilità, contribuendo alla crescita di una nuova generazione di professionisti con una piena consapevolezza delle istanze «green». Parlando di imprese cinematografiche ci si vuole qui riferire prevalentemente ai film festival, realtà che portano con sé delle criticità di analisi relative in primis alla mancanza di una definizione univoca dell’oggetto festival. In aggiunta, essendo il campo di ricerca sui festival di cinema discretamente nuovo (primi anni Novanta) risulta difficile uniformare la letteratura sul tema, che ad oggi consta di diverse sottoaree di ricerca ma è tutt’altro che completa. Per carpirne aspetti inesplorati, il presente lavoro parte dalla letteratura esistente ambendo a rispondere ad alcuni quesiti: qual è lo stato dell’arte delle industrie cinematografiche in materia di sostenibilità e come si declinano attori, spazi, discorsi, valori, tecnologie legati alla sostenibilità ambientale nell’ambito dei festival cinematografici europei? In che modo i festival, come spazi di scambio formali e informali, contribuiscono alla creazione di comunità transculturali caratterizzate da pratiche comuni, esistenti e future sul tema della sostenibilità? Inoltre, quanto la web e social analysis può contribuire ad integrare digitalmente la riflessione sull’interconnessione fra festival cinematografici e sostenibilità (ambientale, ma non solo)? Partendo quindi da questa articolata domanda di ricerca, si proveranno a colmare alcune lacune intersezionali ai due campi di ricerca cruciali per questo lavoro: quello dei film festival e quello della sostenibilità ambientale. La cornice metodologica adottata sarà un processo a più fasi, basato sull'analisi delle strategie comunicative dei festival, una conseguente indagine socio-etnografica su alcuni casi di studio e una ricerca sul web e sui social media. Il lavoro ha inizialmente previsto una sistematizzazione della letteratura in lingua italiana ed inglese, restringendo il campo ad articoli accademici, testi scientifici, report fondamentali in questo ambito di studi, indagando i seguenti database: Web of Science; Jstor; Proquest Arts & Humanities; Scopus, FIAF; Sage, Opac Unicatt, WorldCat Utrecht University. Partendo quindi dalla definizione di una query di ricerca, così strutturata: “film festival” OR “green festivals” OR “environmental sustainability” OR “green practices”, sono emersi amplissimi risultati, a seguito dei quali è stata poi operata una selezione di contenuti che ha portato, in definitiva, al recupero di 165 contribuiti, confluiti in due quadri di revisione letteraria sui due macrotemi. Al lavoro di selezione delle fonti primarie, è seguito poi un lavoro di mappatura dello stato dell’arte dei festival cinematografici operanti attualmente (triennio 2022-2025) in territorio italiano e generalmente europeo, con particolare riferimento ai Paesi Bassi. La mappatura Excel, proposta in questo lavoro per la prima volta, ha avuto lo scopo di ricostruire la trama dei film festival attualmente attivi nei due Stati europei, secondo alcuni criteri di posizionamento geografico, di focus della mission dell’evento, di genere filmico caratteristico del festival e di dimensione dell’evento stesso. 80 sono stati i festival cinematografici complessivamente mappati nei Paesi Bassi, ancora attivi nel 2025, a fronte di 172 presenti in Italia nel medesimo periodo. Partendo da questo corpus ampio, è stato possibile realizzare due mappe semantiche, finalizzate all’individuazione di un sottocampione di festival europei da tenere in considerazione, operando secondo due direzioni: da un lato, si è volutamente scelto di non considerare i festival tematici univocamente green (ad es. Il festival CinemAmbiente di Torino); al contempo e di conseguenza, è sembrato significativo focalizzarsi su un ristretto corpus di festival (45 per l’Italia, 20 per i Paesi Bassi) che presentavano nella loro mission riferimenti a politiche festivaliere sostenibili, dando particolare credito ai festival di piccole/medie dimensioni e quindi in crescita costante. Secondo la nota distinzione fra festival “business oriented” e “audience oriented” , si è scelto di concentrare l’attenzione sui festival orientati ai loro pubblici (e quindi tendenzialmente in via di sviluppo) piuttosto che su realtà cinematografiche cosiddette “A-list” (es. la Biennale di Venezia), in quanto modelli orientati al business e già notoriamente consolidati nella scena mondiale. Questo è stato il punto di partenza ultimo per definire i due casi studio, maggiormente interessanti e coerenti con la domanda di ricerca, che si son rivelati essere il Lago Film Fest (Revine Lago, Treviso, Italia) e il Leiden international Film Festival (Leida, Olanda del Sud, Paesi Bassi), due festival promotori del cinema indipendente. Alla literature review e analisi di casi studio, è parso infine opportuno affiancare una metodologia di ricerca focalizzata sull’ascolto della rete , strumento efficace nelle mani di esperti di marketing ed istituti di ricerca, utile per comprendere le potenzialità del parlato online su determinati argomenti e per ipotizzare strategie d’azione. Nel presente lavoro, la suddetta metodologia è stata supportata da Blogmeter, istituto di ricerca milanese e partner del progetto di ricerca. Essa si incarna nella Social Suite dell'istituto, una piattaforma composta da varie sezioni finalizzate all'ascolto della rete tramite la sentiment analysis, nonché all'analisi dell'influenza degli influencer e opinion leader dei vari settori. Tramite questo strumento, è stato possibile in questo lavoro approfondire il parlato digitale sul contesto cinematografico europeo in primis; più nel dettaglio, è stato possibile poi raccogliere opinioni concernenti i due casi di studio europei a confronto, col fine ultimo di aggiungere ulteriori informazioni sul rapporto Film Festival-comunicazione della sostenibilità alle informazioni già precedentemente raccolte tramite le indagini qualitative (interviste strutturate e life stories) condotte nei siti dei due Festival durante il 2024. Discorso, spazio, pratica: queste le parole chiave per articolare la dimensione degli eventi di cinema, considerando l'evento festivaliero come network di discorsi sociali, spazi, attori, pratiche e riti inerenti alla sostenibilità ambientale. La ricerca si è quindi, partendo da queste considerazioni, posta l'obiettivo di ricostruire un nuovo tipo di pratica ecologica, offrendo una prospettiva alternativa al comune interesse dei festival per l'ambiente, spesso concepito esclusivamente da un punto di vista organizzativo (ad esempio, l'attenzione alla raccolta differenziata, i trasporti green, il risparmio energetico etc). Questa dimensione ambisce invece a ricostruire un aspetto più profondo, quello del significato della pratica ecologica per i pubblici dei festival - a partire proprio dalle strategie comunicative impiegate dai direttivi dei festival cinematografici europei.
FESTIVAL CINEMATOGRAFICI EUROPEI E SOSTENIBILITA' AMBIENTALE: SPAZI, PRATICHE E DISCORSI SOCIALI
Carbone, Federica
2026
Abstract
The challenge of sustainability and “greenness” requires adopting a holistic perspective—one capable of interpreting phenomena and guiding processes from environmental, economic, and social points of view. In this context, culture—as a resource of identity, a tool for negotiation, and a vehicle for diplomacy—represents a fundamental instrument to be employed. At the same time, achieving the goals of the 2030 Agenda can serve as a key driver of growth for cultural and creative enterprises, particularly those in the film sector. When referring to film enterprises here, we are mainly speaking about film festivals—entities that present specific challenges of analysis, starting with the lack of a universally accepted definition of what constitutes a festival. Furthermore, given that film festival research is a relatively new field (emerging in the early 1990s), the literature remains fragmented and incomplete, with various subfields but little cohesion. The intersection of two crucial areas for this study—film festivals and environmental sustainability—is particularly underexplored. Discussions about greenness in the context of festivals are often limited to organizational aspects of the events, which, while important, overlook a complementary dimension: the meaning behind sustainability-related communication practices. For these reasons, the festival as an object of study is of particular interest in this work. It seeks to answer the following questions: What is the current state of the film industry in terms of sustainability? How are actors, spaces, narratives, values, and technologies related to environmental sustainability reflected in European film festivals? In what ways do festivals, as formal and informal spaces of exchange, contribute to the creation of transcultural communities characterised by existing and future sustainability practices? Moreover, how can web and social media analysis contribute to digitally integrating reflections on the interconnectedness between film festivals and sustainability (not only environmental)? Given this complex research question, the project proposes three general objectives: first, to examine the current state of the film industry in terms of sustainability and sustainability communication management; secondly, to develop monitoring and evaluation tools aimed at, on one hand, assessing the effectiveness of communication actions by film enterprises; and on the other, improving them by establishing self-assessment tools that promote full awareness of the sustainability culture; in the end, to contribute to the development of a new generation of professionals and audiences in the film industry who are fully aware of “green” issues. The methodological framework adopted will be a multi-phase process based on the analysis of the communication strategies of festivals, a subsequent socio-ethnographic investigation of selected case studies, and web and social media research. Initially, the project involved a systematization of Italian and English literature, focusing on academic articles, scientific texts, and key reports in this field, drawn from the following databases: Web of Science; JSTOR; ProQuest Arts & Humanities; Scopus, FIAF; Sage; Opac Unicatt; WorldCat Utrecht University. A wide range of results emerged, leading to a selection process that narrowed the material down to 165 contributions, forming two literature review frameworks focused on the project’s two major themes. Following the selection of primary sources, a mapping of the current state of film festivals in Italy and across Europe was conducted, with particular reference to the Netherlands—a country of interest due to its known challenges in connecting local cinema with the concept of environmental sustainability. The creation of a festival database—proposed here for the first time—aimed to reconstruct the network of currently active film festivals in the two countries, based on criteria such as geographic location, event mission, characteristic film genre, and the size of the festival. A total of 80 film festivals were mapped in the Netherlands, still active as of 2025, compared to 172 in Italy during the monitoring period of 2023–2025. From this broad corpus, two semantic maps were created to identify a sub-sample of European festivals to focus on, working along two directions: on the one hand, explicitly green-themed festivals (e.g., CinemAmbiente in Turin) were deliberately excluded; on the other, attention was placed on a smaller group of festivals (45 in Italy, 20 in the Netherlands) whose missions referenced sustainable festival policies, with particular emphasis on small-to-medium-sized festivals—those in continuous growth. Based on the well-known distinction between “business-oriented” and “audience-oriented” festivals (Peranson 2008), the project focused on the latter—festivals geared toward their audiences and thus generally developing—rather than A-list festivals (e.g., the Venice Biennale), which are business-focused and already well established globally. This selection process ultimately led to the identification of two case studies most aligned with the research question: the Lago Film Fest (Revine Lago, Treviso, Italy) and the Leiden International Film Festival (Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands), both promoters of independent cinema. In addition to the literature review and case study analysis, it was deemed appropriate to integrate a research methodology centred on social listening (Galli 2018)—a valuable tool for marketing professionals and research institutes to understand online discourse around specific topics and to formulate strategic actions. In this study, the methodology was provided by Blogmeter, a Milan-based research institute and project partner. Its Social Suite platform includes several components designed to listen to online discussions through sentiment analysis and to assess the influence of influencers and opinion leaders across sectors. This tool enabled a deeper exploration of digital discourse surrounding the European cinematic landscape. More specifically, it allowed for the collection of public opinions regarding the two case studies, with the ultimate goal of enriching the understanding of the relationship between film festivals and sustainability communication—complementing data already gathered through qualitative investigations (structured interviews and life stories) conducted on-site at the two festivals in 2024. Space, discourse, practice: these are the keywords used to explore the dimension of film events, viewing the festival event as a network of social discourses, spaces, actors, practices, and rituals related to environmental sustainability. Based on these considerations, the research aimed to reconstruct a new kind of ecological practice, offering an alternative perspective to the typical managerial focus of festivals on environmental matters (such as recycling, green transportation, energy saving, etc.). Instead, it seeks to highlight a deeper level: the meaning of ecological practice for festival audiences, as interpreted through the communication strategies employed by the management teams of European film festivals.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/376112
URN:NBN:IT:UNICATT-376112