The thesis presented here is the result of the work done in the past three years over the PhD project focused on the synthesis, characterisation and application of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Metal-Organic Cages (MOCs). This project starts from the tridentate organic ligand 2,4,6-tris(4-pyridyl)benzene (TPB) and investigates its coordination chemistry and self-assembly with metal subunits into complex metal-organic architectures. The primary focus of the research is the combination of TPB with zinc metal salts ZnX2 (X = Cl, Br, I) to obtain icosahedral MOCs that interlock into a poly-[n]-catenane structure. These materials have been synthesised via both solution-based (instant synthesis or slow crystallisation) and solvent-free (mechanochemical grinding) synthesis and then characterised with instrumental techniques like single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD/P-XRD) and liquid- and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The study of the dynamic behaviour allowed the trapping of molecules for molecular recognition, drug release and gas capture applications. Beyond the polycatenane, the research explored the coordination of TPB with Pd-based end-capping groups into MOCs despite the challenges in crystallisation. These cages are water-soluble and allow the transport of hydrophobic molecules in aqueous media. Furthermore, the project investigated structural diversification by functionalization of the TPB ligand. Using Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions, new forms of tridentate ligands were obtained, such as a methylated or an extended-arm derivative. These new organic ligands were tested with zinc salts, and a novel two-dimensional coordination polymer was obtained and fully characterised.
La tesi qui presentata è il risultato del lavoro svolto negli ultimi tre anni nell'ambito del progetto di dottorato incentrato sulla sintesi, sulla caratterizzazione e sull'applicazione dei Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF) e delle Metal-Organic Cages (MOC). Questo progetto parte dal ligando organico tridentato 2,4,6-tris(4-piridil)benzene (TPB) e ne studia la chimica di coordinazione e l’autoassemblaggio con subunità metalliche in complesse architetture metallo-organiche. L'obiettivo principale della ricerca è la combinazione del TPB con sali metallici di zinco ZnX₂ (X = Cl, Br, I) per ottenere MOC icosaedrici che si concatenano in una struttura detta poli-[n]-catenano. Questi materiali sono stati sintetizzati sia tramite sintesi in soluzione (sintesi istantanea o cristallizzazione lenta) sia senza solventi (macinazione meccanochimica) e successivamente caratterizzati con tecniche strumentali quali la diffrazione dei raggi X su cristallo singolo e su polveri (SC-XRD/P-XRD) e la spettroscopia NMR allo stato liquido e solido. Lo studio del comportamento dinamico ha consentito l’intrappolamento di molecole per applicazioni di riconoscimento molecolare, rilascio di composti farmaceutici e cattura di gas. Oltre al policatenano, la ricerca ha esplorato il coordinamento del TPB con gruppi terminali a base di palladio in MOC, nonostante le difficoltà di cristallizzazione. Queste gabbie sono idrosolubili e consentono il trasporto di molecole idrofobiche in mezzi acquosi. Inoltre, il progetto ha studiato la diversificazione strutturale mediante la funzionalizzazione del ligando TPB. Grazie alle reazioni di accoppiamento di Suzuki-Miyaura, sono state ottenute nuove forme di ligandi tridentati, quali un derivato metilato e uno con una struttura estesa. Questi nuovi ligandi organici sono stati testati con sali di zinco, consentendo di ottenere e caratterizzare completamente un nuovo polimero di coordinazione bidimensionale.
Exploring the self-assembly of 2,4,6-tris(4-pyridyl)benzene ligand in metal-organic cages
ELLI, STEFANO
2026
Abstract
The thesis presented here is the result of the work done in the past three years over the PhD project focused on the synthesis, characterisation and application of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Metal-Organic Cages (MOCs). This project starts from the tridentate organic ligand 2,4,6-tris(4-pyridyl)benzene (TPB) and investigates its coordination chemistry and self-assembly with metal subunits into complex metal-organic architectures. The primary focus of the research is the combination of TPB with zinc metal salts ZnX2 (X = Cl, Br, I) to obtain icosahedral MOCs that interlock into a poly-[n]-catenane structure. These materials have been synthesised via both solution-based (instant synthesis or slow crystallisation) and solvent-free (mechanochemical grinding) synthesis and then characterised with instrumental techniques like single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD/P-XRD) and liquid- and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The study of the dynamic behaviour allowed the trapping of molecules for molecular recognition, drug release and gas capture applications. Beyond the polycatenane, the research explored the coordination of TPB with Pd-based end-capping groups into MOCs despite the challenges in crystallisation. These cages are water-soluble and allow the transport of hydrophobic molecules in aqueous media. Furthermore, the project investigated structural diversification by functionalization of the TPB ligand. Using Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions, new forms of tridentate ligands were obtained, such as a methylated or an extended-arm derivative. These new organic ligands were tested with zinc salts, and a novel two-dimensional coordination polymer was obtained and fully characterised.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/376441
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-376441