With the progressive introduction of hydrocarbons in the refrigeration sector, minimizing the internal charge has become essential to comply with safety constraints imposed by modern regulations. This work investigates strategies for reducing refrigerant charge and improving the energy efficiency of portable air conditioners (PACs). Since the majority of the scientific literature focuses on improvement strategies performed at the component level, this dissertation adopts a system-level and comprehensive approach to identify design solutions that simultaneously reduce refrigerant charge, occupied volume and energy consumption. First, a semi-analytical steady-state model of the machine is developed in MATLAB™. The model includes an analytical description of heat and mass transfer in fin and tube heat exchangers, while the other components are modeled through empirical correlations. A reference portable air conditioner, which operates with a simple vapor compression cycle and uses R290 as the working fluid, is used for the validation of the model. Four different experimental conditions are considered to investigate the performance under different sensible and latent loads. The model accurately captures the performance of the machine under low latent loads, whereas it tends to overestimate the dehumidification on the evaporator. Then, the model is used as the engine of a multi-objective optimization framework to explore alternative architectures and component combinations. The optimization identifies design patterns that improve system-level performance through the variation of 13 different parameters. Significant charge reduction can be achieved when a small diameter tube is employed. Based on these indications, a new evaporator is selected and integrated in two new prototypes (B and C), whereas a microchannel condenser, which is scarcely investigated in PACs, is introduced in prototypes A and C. The three prototypes are experimentally characterized under the same operating conditions as the reference machine. The optimized configurations achieve a similar performance to the reference but fail to reduce the internal refrigerant charge, particularly due to the increased internal volume in the microchannels. Finally, the model is updated to incorporate the new components and is validated again against the experimental data of prototypes A–C, showing mean relative deviations generally below 10% for heat transfer rates and COP.
Con la progressiva introduzione degli idrocarburi nel settore della refrigerazione, la minimizzazione della carica interna è diventata essenziale per rispettare i vincoli di sicurezza imposti dalle normative moderne. Questo lavoro analizza strategie per la riduzione della carica di refrigerante e il miglioramento dell’efficienza energetica dei climatizzatori portatili (PAC). Poiché la maggior parte della letteratura scientifica si concentra su interventi a livello di singolo componente, questa tesi adotta un approccio sistemistico e integrato, volto a individuare soluzioni progettuali in grado di ridurre simultaneamente la carica di refrigerante, il volume occupato e il consumo energetico. In primo luogo, viene sviluppato in MATLAB™ un modello semi-analitico in regime stazionario della macchina. Il modello include una descrizione analitica dei fenomeni di scambio termico e di massa negli scambiatori di calore alettati a tubi, mentre gli altri componenti sono modellati mediante correlazioni empiriche. Un climatizzatore portatile di riferimento, operante con un ciclo a compressione di vapore semplice e utilizzante R290 come fluido di lavoro, viene impiegato per la validazione del modello. Vengono considerate quattro diverse condizioni sperimentali per analizzare le prestazioni al variare dei carichi sensibili e latenti. Il modello riproduce accuratamente il comportamento della macchina in condizioni di basso carico latente, mentre tende a sovrastimare la deumidificazione nell’evaporatore. Successivamente, il modello viene utilizzato come motore di un framework di ottimizzazione multi-obiettivo per esplorare architetture alternative e diverse combinazioni di componenti. L’ottimizzazione individua configurazioni progettuali che migliorano le prestazioni a livello di sistema mediante la variazione di 13 parametri. Una significativa riduzione della carica può essere ottenuta impiegando tubi di piccolo diametro. Sulla base di queste indicazioni, viene selezionato un nuovo evaporatore, integrato nei prototipi B e C, mentre uno scambiatore di calore a microcanali, ancora poco studiato nei PAC, viene introdotto nei prototipi A e C. I tre prototipi vengono caratterizzati sperimentalmente nelle stesse condizioni operative della macchina di riferimento. Le configurazioni ottimizzate raggiungono prestazioni simili a quelle del sistema di riferimento, ma non riescono a ridurre la carica interna di refrigerante, principalmente a causa dell’aumento del volume interno negli scambiatori a microcanali. Infine, il modello viene aggiornato per includere i nuovi componenti e nuovamente validato rispetto ai dati sperimentali dei prototipi A–C, mostrando scostamenti relativi medi generalmente inferiori al 10% per le potenze termiche e il COP.
Modeling, optimization and experimental characterization of a R290 portable air conditioner
Ferretto, William
2026
Abstract
With the progressive introduction of hydrocarbons in the refrigeration sector, minimizing the internal charge has become essential to comply with safety constraints imposed by modern regulations. This work investigates strategies for reducing refrigerant charge and improving the energy efficiency of portable air conditioners (PACs). Since the majority of the scientific literature focuses on improvement strategies performed at the component level, this dissertation adopts a system-level and comprehensive approach to identify design solutions that simultaneously reduce refrigerant charge, occupied volume and energy consumption. First, a semi-analytical steady-state model of the machine is developed in MATLAB™. The model includes an analytical description of heat and mass transfer in fin and tube heat exchangers, while the other components are modeled through empirical correlations. A reference portable air conditioner, which operates with a simple vapor compression cycle and uses R290 as the working fluid, is used for the validation of the model. Four different experimental conditions are considered to investigate the performance under different sensible and latent loads. The model accurately captures the performance of the machine under low latent loads, whereas it tends to overestimate the dehumidification on the evaporator. Then, the model is used as the engine of a multi-objective optimization framework to explore alternative architectures and component combinations. The optimization identifies design patterns that improve system-level performance through the variation of 13 different parameters. Significant charge reduction can be achieved when a small diameter tube is employed. Based on these indications, a new evaporator is selected and integrated in two new prototypes (B and C), whereas a microchannel condenser, which is scarcely investigated in PACs, is introduced in prototypes A and C. The three prototypes are experimentally characterized under the same operating conditions as the reference machine. The optimized configurations achieve a similar performance to the reference but fail to reduce the internal refrigerant charge, particularly due to the increased internal volume in the microchannels. Finally, the model is updated to incorporate the new components and is validated again against the experimental data of prototypes A–C, showing mean relative deviations generally below 10% for heat transfer rates and COP.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/376641
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-376641