The architecture of large educational complexes constitutes a critical yet unexplored issue within contemporary discourse, both from the standpoint of school architecture and from the urban perspective. While recent Italian policies advocate for “the opening of the school to the city,” the existing stock of high school campuses—particularly those built between the 1960s and 1980s under reformist ideologies—continues to function as hyper-dimensional artefacts at the urban scale, yet introverted. Conceived as autonomous objects on the urban edge, these campuses constitute a fracture in the urban morphology and lack civic reciprocity. The Vimercate High School Campus exemplifies this condition, embodying both the ambitions and the contradictions of the Reform. This thesis argues that the regeneration of large-scale school campuses cannot be reduced to functional upgrading or mere technical adaptation. It requires a disciplinary repositioning of the school as an urban artefact. Through a historical and theoretical re-examination of the relationship between school architecture and the city—from the paradigms of the Open City to the Civic Centre and the phenomenon of the “large dimension”—the research demonstrates that educational architecture has repeatedly served as a structuring element of urban form. Within the framework of Italian typo-morphological research, the thesis pairs a theoretical study with a demonstrative project to reinterpret the school in analogy with the city. A comparative reading of three emblematic projects—Carlo Aymonino’s School Campus of Pesaro (1970–84), Guido Canella’s Civic Centre of Pieve Emanuele (1971–78), and Gianugo Polesello’s University Campus of Las Palmas (1987–91)—reveals how each establishes a dialogue with historical urban orders through typological reinterpretation. Urban traces and architectural archetypes emerge as structural and archetypal matrices, re-inscribed into new compositions that mediate between inherited and contemporary city forms. In this perspective, school architecture becomes an act of urban rewriting: a process through which new civic parts are grounded in the structural and symbolic continuity of the city. The central hypothesis is verified through the design-based requalification of the Vimercate Campus (MB). Here, rewriting operates as a regenerative architectural act, transforming a rigid reformist layout into a coherent civic structure capable of re-establishing urban legibility and collective identity. The thesis thus advances the concept of Regenerative Learning Architecture, proposing that school buildings should be conceived not as specialised containers but as accomplished urban parts—hybrid civic artefacts that actively participate in the construction and regeneration of contemporary city form.
L'architettura dei grandi complessi scolastici costituisce una questione critica ma inesplorata all'interno del dibattito contemporaneo, sia dal punto di vista dell’edilizia scolastica, sia dal punto di vista urbano. Mentre le recenti politiche italiane sostengono “l'apertura della scuola alla città”, il patrimonio esistente di campus scolastici per l’istruzione superiore — in particolare quelli costruiti tra gli anni Sessanta e Ottanta sotto l'influenza di ideologie riformiste — continua a funzionare come un insieme di manufatti iper-dimensionali a scala urbana ma introversi. Concepiti come oggetti autonomi ai margini della città, questi campus costituiscono una frattura nella morfologia urbana e mancano di reciprocità civica. Il Centro Scolastico di Vimercate esemplifica questa condizione, incarnando al tempo stesso le ambizioni e le contraddizioni della Riforma. La tesi di questa ricerca sostiene che la rigenerazione dei campus scolastici su larga scala non possa essere ridotta a un semplice aggiornamento funzionale o a un mero adeguamento tecnico. Essa richiede, invece, un riposizionamento disciplinare della scuola come manufatto urbano. Attraverso un riesame storico e teorico del rapporto tra l'architettura scolastica e la città — dai paradigmi della Città Aperta al Centro Civico, fino al fenomeno della “grande dimensione” — la ricerca dimostra come l'architettura per l'istruzione abbia invece ripetutamente svolto il ruolo di elemento strutturante della forma urbana. In linea con la specificità delle ricerche tipo-morfologiche italiane, lo studio teorico e il progetto dimostrativo reinterpretano la scuola in analogia con la città. La lettura comparativa di tre progetti emblematici — il Campus Scolastico di Pesaro di Carlo Aymonino (1970–84), il Centro Civico di Pieve Emanuele di Guido Canella (1971–78) e il Campus Universitario di Las Palmas di Gianugo Polesello (1987–91) — rivela come ciascuno di essi stabilisca un dialogo con gli ordini urbani storici attraverso la reinterpretazione tipologica. Tracce urbane e archetipi architettonici emergono come matrici strutturali e archetipiche, reinscritte in nuove composizioni che mediano tra le forme della città ereditata e di quella contemporanea. In questa prospettiva, l'architettura scolastica diventa un atto di riscrittura urbana: un processo attraverso il quale nuove parti civiche si radicano nella continuità strutturale e simbolica della città. Nella seconda parte, l'ipotesi teorica viene verificata attraverso il progetto di riqualificazione del Campus di Vimercate (MB). Qui, la riscrittura opera come atto architettonico rigenerativo, trasformando un rigido impianto riformista in una struttura civica coerente, capace di ristabilire la leggibilità urbana e l'identità collettiva. La tesi avanza così il concetto di Architettura Educatrice Rigenerativa, proponendo che gli edifici scolastici non debbano essere concepiti come contenitori specializzati, ma piuttosto come parti urbane compiute — manufatti civici ibridi che partecipano attivamente alla costruzione e alla rigenerazione della forma della città contemporanea.
The school as the city: theories and tools for regenerative learning architectures
Khanamiryan, Helen
2026
Abstract
The architecture of large educational complexes constitutes a critical yet unexplored issue within contemporary discourse, both from the standpoint of school architecture and from the urban perspective. While recent Italian policies advocate for “the opening of the school to the city,” the existing stock of high school campuses—particularly those built between the 1960s and 1980s under reformist ideologies—continues to function as hyper-dimensional artefacts at the urban scale, yet introverted. Conceived as autonomous objects on the urban edge, these campuses constitute a fracture in the urban morphology and lack civic reciprocity. The Vimercate High School Campus exemplifies this condition, embodying both the ambitions and the contradictions of the Reform. This thesis argues that the regeneration of large-scale school campuses cannot be reduced to functional upgrading or mere technical adaptation. It requires a disciplinary repositioning of the school as an urban artefact. Through a historical and theoretical re-examination of the relationship between school architecture and the city—from the paradigms of the Open City to the Civic Centre and the phenomenon of the “large dimension”—the research demonstrates that educational architecture has repeatedly served as a structuring element of urban form. Within the framework of Italian typo-morphological research, the thesis pairs a theoretical study with a demonstrative project to reinterpret the school in analogy with the city. A comparative reading of three emblematic projects—Carlo Aymonino’s School Campus of Pesaro (1970–84), Guido Canella’s Civic Centre of Pieve Emanuele (1971–78), and Gianugo Polesello’s University Campus of Las Palmas (1987–91)—reveals how each establishes a dialogue with historical urban orders through typological reinterpretation. Urban traces and architectural archetypes emerge as structural and archetypal matrices, re-inscribed into new compositions that mediate between inherited and contemporary city forms. In this perspective, school architecture becomes an act of urban rewriting: a process through which new civic parts are grounded in the structural and symbolic continuity of the city. The central hypothesis is verified through the design-based requalification of the Vimercate Campus (MB). Here, rewriting operates as a regenerative architectural act, transforming a rigid reformist layout into a coherent civic structure capable of re-establishing urban legibility and collective identity. The thesis thus advances the concept of Regenerative Learning Architecture, proposing that school buildings should be conceived not as specialised containers but as accomplished urban parts—hybrid civic artefacts that actively participate in the construction and regeneration of contemporary city form.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/376787
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-376787