This thesis investigates the impacts of climate change on human well-being and economic systems through a multidimensional and uncertainty-aware framework. In contrast to most of the literature focusing on aggregate income effects from mean temperature, this thesis argues that such approaches underestimate the true costs of climate damages by neglecting broader dimensions of human development and the complex dynamics of climate variability, extremes and hazards. The thesis advances the empirical literature in three key directions, which compose its chapters. First, it demonstrates that climate change significantly affects all components of human development, notably income, health, and education, revealing substantial and more widespread impacts than those identified by GDP-based assessments alone. Second, it highlights persistent and long-lasting consequences of climate overshoot for regional economic systems and human welfare. Third, it advances the literature on long-lasting climate hazards by providing a dynamical assessment of drought's effects on regional economies in Europe. Across all studies, it incorporates multiple layers of uncertainty, including socio-economic pathways and climate variability, to provide a comprehensive and policy-relevant assessment of future risks. The findings indicate that a significant share of projected global human development gains may be eroded under unabated climate change, with adverse impacts observed across nearly all regions. If the global mean temperature were to overshoot and return to 1.5 or 2 degrees above preindustrial levels, only part of the lost development would be recovered. Finally, accounting for the dynamical and cumulative effects of multi-year events, such as droughts, highlights the risks of approaching 2 degrees of warming. For instance, in Europe, recent events could double their average impact. By integrating multidimensional welfare metrics, extreme-event dynamics, and uncertainty analysis, this thesis contributes to a more complete and temporally realistic accounting of climate impacts. The results underscore the importance of moving beyond income- and mean-temperature-centric evaluations and provide a stronger empirical basis for climate policy aimed at safeguarding human development in a changing climate.
Questa tesi analizza gli impatti del cambiamento climatico sul benessere umano e sui sistemi economici attraverso un approccio multidimensionale, dinamico e attento all’incertezza. Mentre gran parte della letteratura esistente si concentra sugli effetti aggregati sul reddito, questo lavoro sostiene che tali approcci sottostimano la reale portata dei danni climatici, trascurando dimensioni più ampie dello sviluppo umano, le dinamiche persistenti e cumulative degli eventi estremi e l’incertezza che caratterizza sia le traiettorie climatiche sia le risposte socioeconomiche future. In tre capitoli empirici, la tesi contribuisce alla letteratura in tre direzioni principali. In primo luogo, dimostra che il cambiamento climatico influisce in modo significativo su tutte le componenti dello sviluppo umano, ossia reddito, salute e istruzione, evidenziando, attraverso diverse proiezioni, danni sostanziali e più diffusi rispetto a quelli individuati dalle sole valutazioni basate sul PIL. Successivamente, mette in luce gli effetti persistenti e cumulativi dell'overshoot climatico, mostrando come possa generare conseguenze durature sui sistemi economici regionali e sul benessere umano. In terzo luogo, avanza la letteratura sui rischi climatici a lungo termine, con uno studio sugli effetti dinamici della siccità in Europa, trattata come un processo pluriennale e cumulativo. Un elemento trasversale dell’intera tesi è l’integrazione esplicita e sistematica di molteplici fonti di incertezza. In tutti i capitoli, le proiezioni e le stime vengono accompagnate da una decomposizione dell’incertezza legata ai modelli climatici, ai percorsi socioeconomici e alle stime empiriche, al fine di identificare quali risultati rimangano robusti rispetto a ipotesi, scenari e metodologie alternative. Questo approccio consente di fornire una valutazione più trasparente e rilevante sui rischi climatici futuri per le politiche pubbliche. I risultati indicano che una quota significativa dei progressi previsti nello sviluppo umano a livello globale potrebbe essere compromessa in scenari ad emissioni elevate, con impatti negativi osservabili in quasi tutte le regioni. Se la temperatura media globale dovesse temporaneamente superare e poi tornare a livelli di 1,5 o 2 gradi sopra quelli preindustriali, solo una parte dello sviluppo perduto potrebbe essere recuperata. Infine, considerando gli effetti dinamici e cumulativi di eventi pluriennali, come le siccità, emerge il rischio concreto associato al raggiungimento dei 2 gradi, poiché eventi simili a quelli attuali potrebbero raddoppiare il loro impatto medio considerando la sola Europa. Integrando indicatori multidimensionali di benessere, dinamiche degli eventi estremi e un'analisi esplicita dell’incertezza, questa tesi contribuisce a una valutazione più completa e realistica nel tempo degli impatti climatici. I risultati sottolineano l’importanza di superare le valutazioni incentrate esclusivamente sul reddito e sulla temperatura media, fornendo una base empirica più solida per politiche climatiche volte a salvaguardare lo sviluppo umano in un contesto di cambiamento climatico.
Multi-dimensional climate change impacts on human well-being under past and future uncertainty
MASTROPIETRO, MARTA
2026
Abstract
This thesis investigates the impacts of climate change on human well-being and economic systems through a multidimensional and uncertainty-aware framework. In contrast to most of the literature focusing on aggregate income effects from mean temperature, this thesis argues that such approaches underestimate the true costs of climate damages by neglecting broader dimensions of human development and the complex dynamics of climate variability, extremes and hazards. The thesis advances the empirical literature in three key directions, which compose its chapters. First, it demonstrates that climate change significantly affects all components of human development, notably income, health, and education, revealing substantial and more widespread impacts than those identified by GDP-based assessments alone. Second, it highlights persistent and long-lasting consequences of climate overshoot for regional economic systems and human welfare. Third, it advances the literature on long-lasting climate hazards by providing a dynamical assessment of drought's effects on regional economies in Europe. Across all studies, it incorporates multiple layers of uncertainty, including socio-economic pathways and climate variability, to provide a comprehensive and policy-relevant assessment of future risks. The findings indicate that a significant share of projected global human development gains may be eroded under unabated climate change, with adverse impacts observed across nearly all regions. If the global mean temperature were to overshoot and return to 1.5 or 2 degrees above preindustrial levels, only part of the lost development would be recovered. Finally, accounting for the dynamical and cumulative effects of multi-year events, such as droughts, highlights the risks of approaching 2 degrees of warming. For instance, in Europe, recent events could double their average impact. By integrating multidimensional welfare metrics, extreme-event dynamics, and uncertainty analysis, this thesis contributes to a more complete and temporally realistic accounting of climate impacts. The results underscore the importance of moving beyond income- and mean-temperature-centric evaluations and provide a stronger empirical basis for climate policy aimed at safeguarding human development in a changing climate.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/376815
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-376815