Sustainability transitions place organisations in environments characterised by interdependence, distributed responsibilities and intensifying expectations around transparency and accountability (Geels, 2011; Smith, Stirling & Berkhout, 2005; Köhler et al., 2019). These pressures cannot be confronted by individual organisations alone, as they involve fragmented knowledge bases, heterogeneous capabilities and overlapping normative demands. In this context, collective organisational arrangements increasingly operate as infrastructures through which organisations interpret sustainability challenges and coordinate action across boundaries (Howells, 2006; Kivimaa et al., 2019; Gulati, Puranam & Tushman, 2012). Among these arrangements, meta organisations (MOs), that are organisations whose members are themselves organisations, have gained analytical relevance. They structure participation through partial organisation, rule setting, shared templates and collective standards while preserving members’ autonomy (Ahrne & Brunsson, 2005, 2008). Research shows how MOs contribute to field level coordination and institutional complexity (Berkowitz & Dumez, 2016; Berkowitz et al., 2022), yet less is known about how MOs evolve, how intermediation is enacted through practices, and how participation becomes consequential for member organisations. This dissertation addresses these gaps by examining how cooperative MOs mediate sustainability-related regime pressures and how such mediation reshapes their collective governance architectures, organisational practices, and member organisations. Drawing on sustainability transitions research (Geels, 2005; Köhler et al., 2019), MO theory (Ahrne & Brunsson, 2008; Provan & Kenis, 2008) and practice based perspectives on strategy (Jarzabkowski, 2004; Vaara & Whittington, 2012), the thesis conceptualises meta organising as an infrastructural process through which expectations are stabilised, translated and made actionable (Power, 1997; Jarzabkowski & Kaplan, 2015). To investigate these dynamics, the dissertation adopts a cumulative three paper design. The first paper conducts a systematic literature review (2008–2025) and identifies recurrent role–mechanism–outcome trajectories through which MOs contribute to sustainability transitions. Four pathways emerge, that are standard setting and certification; shared capability building; strategic alignment; and collective resource aggregation. Findings also highlight how membership heterogeneity shapes coordination patterns (Ahrne & Brunsson, 2011; Berkowitz et al., 2022). The analysis also exposes a key blind spot: existing literature privileges field level roles while under specifying the micro organisational consequences of participation. The second paper develops a qualitative historical case study (1977–2024), retrospective and in itinere, of an Italian cooperative MO. Through process tracing and interpretive analysis (Langley et al., 2013; Yin, 2014), it reconstructs how governance architectures evolve by layering: commercial aggregation mechanisms, compliance infrastructures and sustainability oriented practices accumulate rather than substitute each other. Certifications, reporting systems and participatory workshops emerge as performative governance practices that translate sustainability pressures into shared organisational routines (Vaara, Sorsa & Pälli, 2010; Jarzabkowski & Kaplan, 2015). Over time, these instruments reposition the MO from a commercial coordinator to a sustainability intermediary. The third paper turns to member organisations. Through an embedded case study of 26 cooperatives, it identifies four dimensions of internal reconfiguration triggered by participation: (1) interpretive reframing of sustainability expectations; (2) alignment via shared governance standards and reporting frameworks; (3) capability building through collective resources; (4) embedding of sustainability in internal routines, procedures and governance structures. These findings reveal that meta organisational mediation does not simply coordinate actors; it reorganises autonomy relationally, generating patterned but differentiated forms of organisational change across members (Gulati et al., 2012; Wijen, 2014). They also illuminate the ambivalence of infrastructural governance: while shared templates and collective standards support coordination and preparedness, they may also narrow interpretive flexibility, create convergence pressures and introduce asymmetries in influence (Saz Gil et al., 2021; Spognardi, 2019). Taken together, the dissertation contributes to MO theory by demonstrating how partial organisation acquires micro level consequences, to sustainability transitions research by foregrounding the meso level infrastructures through which regime pressures are operationalised, and to strategy as practice by showing how governance instruments act as strategic practices shaping collective action. The findings emphasise that sustainability related pressures operate neither solely externally nor internally, but through meta organisational infrastructures that sequence, stabilise and translate expectations (Berkowitz & Bor, 2022; Kivimaa et al., 2019). Policy implications point to the need to recognise MOs as governance infrastructures that mediate sustainability regimes, requiring reflexive design to avoid over formalisation and preserve organisational diversity. Supporting MOs through capacity building, differentiated mechanisms for small actors, anticipatory governance tools and inclusive template design can strengthen their ability to coordinate heterogeneous organisations under sustainability pressures (Provan & Kenis, 2008; Turnheim et al., 2015).
Le transizioni verso la sostenibilità collocano le organizzazioni in contesti caratterizzati da interdipendenza, responsabilità distribuite e aspettative crescenti in materia di trasparenza e accountability (Geels, 2011; Smith, Stirling & Berkhout, 2005; Köhler et al., 2019). Tali pressioni non possono essere affrontate dalle singole organizzazioni in modo isolato, poiché implicano basi di conoscenza frammentate, capacità eterogenee e richieste normative sovrapposte. In questo contesto, gli assetti organizzativi collettivi operano sempre più come infrastrutture attraverso le quali le organizzazioni interpretano le sfide della sostenibilità e coordinano l’azione oltre i propri confini organizzativi (Howells, 2006; Kivimaa et al., 2019; Gulati, Puranam & Tushman, 2012). Tra questi assetti, le meta-organizzazioni (MO), ossia organizzazioni i cui membri sono a loro volta organizzazioni, hanno acquisito una crescente rilevanza analitica. Esse strutturano la partecipazione attraverso forme di organizzazione parziale, la definizione di regole, modelli condivisi e standard collettivi, preservando al contempo l’autonomia dei membri (Ahrne & Brunsson, 2005, 2008). La letteratura ha mostrato come le MO contribuiscano al coordinamento a livello di campo e alla gestione della complessità istituzionale (Berkowitz & Dumez, 2016; Berkowitz et al., 2022); tuttavia, si conosce ancora poco su come le MO evolvano, su come l’intermediazione venga attuata attraverso le pratiche e su come la partecipazione produca conseguenze concrete per le organizzazioni membri. La presente tesi affronta queste lacune analizzando il modo in cui le MO cooperative mediano le pressioni di regime connesse alla sostenibilità e come tale mediazione riconfiguri le loro architetture di governance collettiva, le pratiche organizzative e le organizzazioni membri. Attingendo agli studi sulle transizioni verso la sostenibilità (Geels, 2005; Köhler et al., 2019), alla teoria delle MO (Ahrne & Brunsson, 2008; Provan & Kenis, 2008) e alle prospettive practice-based sulla strategia (Jarzabkowski, 2004; Vaara & Whittington, 2012), la tesi concettualizza il meta-organizzare come un processo infrastrutturale attraverso il quale le aspettative vengono stabilizzate, tradotte e rese operativamente attuabili (Power, 1997; Jarzabkowski & Kaplan, 2015). Per indagare tali dinamiche, la tesi adotta una struttura cumulativa articolata in tre paper. Il primo paper presenta una revisione sistematica della letteratura relativa al periodo 2008–2025 e identifica traiettorie ricorrenti di ruolo–meccanismo–esito attraverso le quali le MO contribuiscono alle transizioni verso la sostenibilità. Emergono quattro percorsi: definizione di standard e certificazione; sviluppo condiviso delle capacità; allineamento strategico; aggregazione collettiva delle risorse. I risultati evidenziano inoltre come l’eterogeneità della membership influenzi i modelli di coordinamento (Ahrne & Brunsson, 2011; Berkowitz et al., 2022). L’analisi mette anche in luce un importante punto cieco: la letteratura esistente privilegia i ruoli svolti a livello di campo, mentre dedica un’attenzione insufficiente alle conseguenze micro-organizzative della partecipazione. Il secondo paper sviluppa uno studio di caso storico qualitativo, retrospettivo e in itinere, relativo al periodo 1977–2024 e riguardante una MO cooperativa italiana. Attraverso il process tracing e l’analisi interpretativa (Langley et al., 2013; Yin, 2014), il paper ricostruisce il modo in cui le architetture di governance evolvono mediante processi di stratificazione: i meccanismi di aggregazione commerciale, le infrastrutture di compliance e le pratiche orientate alla sostenibilità si accumulano nel tempo, anziché sostituirsi reciprocamente. Le certificazioni, i sistemi di rendicontazione e i workshop partecipativi emergono come pratiche performative di governance che traducono le pressioni connesse alla sostenibilità in routine organizzative condivise (Vaara, Sorsa & Pälli, 2010; Jarzabkowski & Kaplan, 2015). Nel tempo, tali strumenti riposizionano la MO, trasformandola da coordinatore commerciale a intermediario della sostenibilità. Il terzo paper si concentra sulle organizzazioni membri. Attraverso uno studio di caso embedded relativo a 26 cooperative, individua quattro dimensioni della riconfigurazione interna innescata dalla partecipazione: (1) riformulazione interpretativa delle aspettative connesse alla sostenibilità; (2) allineamento attraverso standard di governance e framework di rendicontazione condivisi; (3) sviluppo delle capacità mediante risorse collettive; (4) integrazione della sostenibilità nelle routine, nelle procedure e nelle strutture di governance interne. Questi risultati mostrano che la mediazione meta-organizzativa non si limita a coordinare gli attori, ma riorganizza l’autonomia in termini relazionali, generando forme strutturate ma differenziate di cambiamento organizzativo tra i membri (Gulati et al., 2012; Wijen, 2014). Essi evidenziano inoltre l’ambivalenza della governance infrastrutturale: se, da un lato, i modelli condivisi e gli standard collettivi sostengono il coordinamento e la preparazione delle organizzazioni, dall’altro possono restringere la flessibilità interpretativa, produrre pressioni verso la convergenza e introdurre asimmetrie nell’influenza esercitata dai diversi attori (Saz Gil et al., 2021; Spognardi, 2019). Nel complesso, la tesi contribuisce alla teoria delle MO mostrando come l’organizzazione parziale produca conseguenze a livello micro; agli studi sulle transizioni verso la sostenibilità, portando in primo piano le infrastrutture di livello meso attraverso le quali le pressioni di regime vengono rese operative; e alla prospettiva della strategy-as-practice, evidenziando come gli strumenti di governance agiscano quali pratiche strategiche capaci di plasmare l’azione collettiva. I risultati sottolineano che le pressioni connesse alla sostenibilità non operano esclusivamente dall’esterno né esclusivamente dall’interno, bensì attraverso infrastrutture meta-organizzative che sequenziano, stabilizzano e traducono le aspettative (Berkowitz & Bor, 2022; Kivimaa et al., 2019). Le implicazioni di policy evidenziano la necessità di riconoscere le MO come infrastrutture di governance che mediano i regimi di sostenibilità e che richiedono una progettazione riflessiva, volta a evitare un’eccessiva formalizzazione e a preservare la diversità organizzativa. Sostenere le MO attraverso lo sviluppo delle capacità, meccanismi differenziati per gli attori di minori dimensioni, strumenti di governance anticipatoria e una progettazione inclusiva dei modelli condivisi può rafforzarne la capacità di coordinare organizzazioni eterogenee sottoposte a pressioni connesse alla sostenibilità (Provan & Kenis, 2008; Turnheim et al., 2015).
Meta-organisations as intermediaries for the sustainable transition
PIERGIOVANNI, LUDOVICA
2026
Abstract
Sustainability transitions place organisations in environments characterised by interdependence, distributed responsibilities and intensifying expectations around transparency and accountability (Geels, 2011; Smith, Stirling & Berkhout, 2005; Köhler et al., 2019). These pressures cannot be confronted by individual organisations alone, as they involve fragmented knowledge bases, heterogeneous capabilities and overlapping normative demands. In this context, collective organisational arrangements increasingly operate as infrastructures through which organisations interpret sustainability challenges and coordinate action across boundaries (Howells, 2006; Kivimaa et al., 2019; Gulati, Puranam & Tushman, 2012). Among these arrangements, meta organisations (MOs), that are organisations whose members are themselves organisations, have gained analytical relevance. They structure participation through partial organisation, rule setting, shared templates and collective standards while preserving members’ autonomy (Ahrne & Brunsson, 2005, 2008). Research shows how MOs contribute to field level coordination and institutional complexity (Berkowitz & Dumez, 2016; Berkowitz et al., 2022), yet less is known about how MOs evolve, how intermediation is enacted through practices, and how participation becomes consequential for member organisations. This dissertation addresses these gaps by examining how cooperative MOs mediate sustainability-related regime pressures and how such mediation reshapes their collective governance architectures, organisational practices, and member organisations. Drawing on sustainability transitions research (Geels, 2005; Köhler et al., 2019), MO theory (Ahrne & Brunsson, 2008; Provan & Kenis, 2008) and practice based perspectives on strategy (Jarzabkowski, 2004; Vaara & Whittington, 2012), the thesis conceptualises meta organising as an infrastructural process through which expectations are stabilised, translated and made actionable (Power, 1997; Jarzabkowski & Kaplan, 2015). To investigate these dynamics, the dissertation adopts a cumulative three paper design. The first paper conducts a systematic literature review (2008–2025) and identifies recurrent role–mechanism–outcome trajectories through which MOs contribute to sustainability transitions. Four pathways emerge, that are standard setting and certification; shared capability building; strategic alignment; and collective resource aggregation. Findings also highlight how membership heterogeneity shapes coordination patterns (Ahrne & Brunsson, 2011; Berkowitz et al., 2022). The analysis also exposes a key blind spot: existing literature privileges field level roles while under specifying the micro organisational consequences of participation. The second paper develops a qualitative historical case study (1977–2024), retrospective and in itinere, of an Italian cooperative MO. Through process tracing and interpretive analysis (Langley et al., 2013; Yin, 2014), it reconstructs how governance architectures evolve by layering: commercial aggregation mechanisms, compliance infrastructures and sustainability oriented practices accumulate rather than substitute each other. Certifications, reporting systems and participatory workshops emerge as performative governance practices that translate sustainability pressures into shared organisational routines (Vaara, Sorsa & Pälli, 2010; Jarzabkowski & Kaplan, 2015). Over time, these instruments reposition the MO from a commercial coordinator to a sustainability intermediary. The third paper turns to member organisations. Through an embedded case study of 26 cooperatives, it identifies four dimensions of internal reconfiguration triggered by participation: (1) interpretive reframing of sustainability expectations; (2) alignment via shared governance standards and reporting frameworks; (3) capability building through collective resources; (4) embedding of sustainability in internal routines, procedures and governance structures. These findings reveal that meta organisational mediation does not simply coordinate actors; it reorganises autonomy relationally, generating patterned but differentiated forms of organisational change across members (Gulati et al., 2012; Wijen, 2014). They also illuminate the ambivalence of infrastructural governance: while shared templates and collective standards support coordination and preparedness, they may also narrow interpretive flexibility, create convergence pressures and introduce asymmetries in influence (Saz Gil et al., 2021; Spognardi, 2019). Taken together, the dissertation contributes to MO theory by demonstrating how partial organisation acquires micro level consequences, to sustainability transitions research by foregrounding the meso level infrastructures through which regime pressures are operationalised, and to strategy as practice by showing how governance instruments act as strategic practices shaping collective action. The findings emphasise that sustainability related pressures operate neither solely externally nor internally, but through meta organisational infrastructures that sequence, stabilise and translate expectations (Berkowitz & Bor, 2022; Kivimaa et al., 2019). Policy implications point to the need to recognise MOs as governance infrastructures that mediate sustainability regimes, requiring reflexive design to avoid over formalisation and preserve organisational diversity. Supporting MOs through capacity building, differentiated mechanisms for small actors, anticipatory governance tools and inclusive template design can strengthen their ability to coordinate heterogeneous organisations under sustainability pressures (Provan & Kenis, 2008; Turnheim et al., 2015).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/376970
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-376970