The Late Kofun period (late fifth–seventh century CE) represents a crucial phase in Japanese protohistory, marked by the formation of a stratified state and the consolidation of the Yamato clan’s power in the Nara basin. Despite the drive towards centralisation, the island of Kyūshū emerged as a centre of marked political and cultural autonomy. This resistance was manifested through both historical events, such as the Iwai Rebellion (527 CE), and unique material expressions, including stone statuary (sekijin sekiba) and decorated tombs (sōshoku kofun). Within this sixth-century socio-political and cultural context, mural-painted tombs (hekigakei) emerge not merely as artistic or aesthetic expressions, but as clear indicators of cultural autonomy and funerary practices that redefined local beliefs and the society's relationship with decorated space. This thesis investigates painted tombs, interpreting them not as simple containers of art, but as complex performative apparatuses designed to engage the observer and model the ritual experience. The research departs from traditional literature, which has hitherto treated these iconographies as static ‘symbols’ to be decoded or as passive decorations. Conversely, this study proposes an epistemological paradigm shift, moving the focus from representation (what images mean) to operation (what images do). Through the lenses of the archaeology of death, cognitive archaeology, archaeology of prehistoric art, and phenomenology, images are analysed as active agents capable of shaping the perception and embodied experience of the funerary space. Furthermore, the work critically addresses the concept, typical of previous literature, that the rear wall of the tomb alone was the focus of the visual programme, thereby ignoring the visual trajectory experienced by the observer. By reintegrating the paintings into the three-dimensional, constricted, and dark reality of the corridor-style stone chamber (yokoanashiki sekishitsu), the thesis demonstrates that iconographic agency is spatially contingent. The architectural structure imposes a mandatory trajectory: the entrance, the passage through the corridor, and the arrival in the burial chamber create a dynamic ‘spatial-pattern pathway’ where bodily movement and the arrangement of images are intrinsically connected. Employing a mixed-method approach, this research analyses a corpus of 35 tombs documented in situ (2023–2024). By cross-referencing spatial variables, the study identifies ten ‘visual strategies’ utilising ‘rhythm and arousal’ mechanisms, where repeated motifs create a rhythm interrupted by rare elements to modulate the visitor’s attention and emotional response. GIS analysis confirms these strategies were intentional choices rather than passive emulations, revealing variations in the configuration of ‘deathways’ defined here as ‘strategic autonomy’ In conclusion, the thesis redefines the decorated tombs of Kyūshū as active structures in the modulation of ritual and the perception of the funerary site itself. By providing a methodological model for analysing the agency of art in non-literate societies, the research offers new interpretive tools applicable not only to the Japanese context but also to the broader archaeology of death and prehistoric and protohistoric art globally, contributing to the international discourse on the interaction between image and space in chambered decorated tombs and their active agent.
Il Tardo Periodo Kofun (fine V – VII secolo d.C.) rappresenta una fase cruciale nella protostoria giapponese, segnata dalla formazione di uno stato stratificato e dal consolidamento del potere del clan Yamato nel bacino di Nara. Nonostante la spinta verso la centralizzazione, l'isola di Kyūshū si affermò come centro di marcata autonomia politica e culturale. Tale resistenza trovò espressione sia in eventi storici, come la ribellione di Iwai (527 d.C.), sia in manifestazioni materiali peculiari: le statue in pietra (sekijin sekiba) e le tombe decorate (sōshoku kofun). In questo contesto socio-politico e culturale del VI secolo, le tombe a pittura murale (hekigakei) emergono non semplicemente come espressioni artistiche o estetiche, bensì come indicatori espliciti di autonomia culturale e di pratiche funerarie che ridefinirono le credenze locali e il rapporto della società con lo spazio decorato. La presente tesi indaga le tombe dipinte interpretandole non come semplici contenitori d'arte, ma come complessi apparati performativi concepiti per coinvolgere l'osservatore e strutturare l'esperienza rituale. La ricerca si distacca dalla letteratura tradizionale, che ha finora trattato le iconografie come ‘simboli’ statici da decodificare o come mere decorazioni passive. Al contrario, questo studio propone uno spostamento di paradigma epistemologico, spostando il fuoco dalla rappresentazione (cosa significa l'immagine) all'operazione (cosa fa l'immagine). Attraverso le lenti dell'archeologia della morte, dell'archeologia cognitiva, dell'archeologia dell'arte preistorica e della fenomenologia, le immagini vengono analizzate come agenti attivi capaci di plasmare la percezione e l'esperienza corporea dello spazio funerario. Il lavoro affronta inoltre criticamente un assunto ricorrente nella letteratura precedente: quello per cui solo la parete di fondo della tomba costituisse il fulcro dell'intero programma visivo, con conseguente disattenzione al percorso visivo esperito dall'osservatore. Reintegrando le pitture nella realtà tridimensionale, angusta e oscura della camera funeraria in pietra a corridoio (yokoanashiki sekishitsu), la tesi dimostra che l'agency iconografica è spazialmente contingente. La struttura architettonica impone una traiettoria obbligata: l'ingresso, il passaggio attraverso il corridoio e l'arrivo nella camera sepolcrale danno vita a un dinamico ‘percorso spaziale strutturato’ (spatial-pattern pathway), in cui il movimento del corpo e la disposizione delle immagini risultano intrinsecamente connessi. Adottando un approccio misto, la ricerca analizza un corpus di 35 tombe documentate in situ (2023–2024) nel Kyūshū. L'incrocio di variabili architettoniche e spaziali ha consentito di individuare dieci strategie visive fondate su meccanismi di ritmo e arousal: la ripetizione di motivi familiari genera un ritmo visivo che, interrotto da elementi inattesi, modula l'attenzione e la risposta emotiva del visitatore. L'analisi GIS conferma che tali strategie rappresentano scelte intenzionali e non semplici emulazioni passive, evidenziando variazioni nella configurazione dei deathways qui ricondotte al concetto di ‘autonomia strategica’. In conclusione, la tesi ridefinisce le tombe decorate del Kyūshū come strutture attive nella modulazione del rito e nella percezione del luogo funebre. Offrendo un modello metodologico per l'analisi dell'agency dell'arte nelle società non letterate, la ricerca mette a disposizione nuovi strumenti interpretativi applicabili non soltanto al contesto giapponese, ma alla più ampia archeologia della morte e dell'arte preistorica e protostorica, contribuendo al dibattito internazionale sull'interazione tra immagine e spazio nelle tombe a camera decorate e sul loro ruolo come agenti attivi.
Living Images, Embodied Spaces: Agency and Perception of the Burial Environment in the Painted Decorated Tombs of Late Kofun Kyūshū
ZANCAN, CLAUDIA
2026
Abstract
The Late Kofun period (late fifth–seventh century CE) represents a crucial phase in Japanese protohistory, marked by the formation of a stratified state and the consolidation of the Yamato clan’s power in the Nara basin. Despite the drive towards centralisation, the island of Kyūshū emerged as a centre of marked political and cultural autonomy. This resistance was manifested through both historical events, such as the Iwai Rebellion (527 CE), and unique material expressions, including stone statuary (sekijin sekiba) and decorated tombs (sōshoku kofun). Within this sixth-century socio-political and cultural context, mural-painted tombs (hekigakei) emerge not merely as artistic or aesthetic expressions, but as clear indicators of cultural autonomy and funerary practices that redefined local beliefs and the society's relationship with decorated space. This thesis investigates painted tombs, interpreting them not as simple containers of art, but as complex performative apparatuses designed to engage the observer and model the ritual experience. The research departs from traditional literature, which has hitherto treated these iconographies as static ‘symbols’ to be decoded or as passive decorations. Conversely, this study proposes an epistemological paradigm shift, moving the focus from representation (what images mean) to operation (what images do). Through the lenses of the archaeology of death, cognitive archaeology, archaeology of prehistoric art, and phenomenology, images are analysed as active agents capable of shaping the perception and embodied experience of the funerary space. Furthermore, the work critically addresses the concept, typical of previous literature, that the rear wall of the tomb alone was the focus of the visual programme, thereby ignoring the visual trajectory experienced by the observer. By reintegrating the paintings into the three-dimensional, constricted, and dark reality of the corridor-style stone chamber (yokoanashiki sekishitsu), the thesis demonstrates that iconographic agency is spatially contingent. The architectural structure imposes a mandatory trajectory: the entrance, the passage through the corridor, and the arrival in the burial chamber create a dynamic ‘spatial-pattern pathway’ where bodily movement and the arrangement of images are intrinsically connected. Employing a mixed-method approach, this research analyses a corpus of 35 tombs documented in situ (2023–2024). By cross-referencing spatial variables, the study identifies ten ‘visual strategies’ utilising ‘rhythm and arousal’ mechanisms, where repeated motifs create a rhythm interrupted by rare elements to modulate the visitor’s attention and emotional response. GIS analysis confirms these strategies were intentional choices rather than passive emulations, revealing variations in the configuration of ‘deathways’ defined here as ‘strategic autonomy’ In conclusion, the thesis redefines the decorated tombs of Kyūshū as active structures in the modulation of ritual and the perception of the funerary site itself. By providing a methodological model for analysing the agency of art in non-literate societies, the research offers new interpretive tools applicable not only to the Japanese context but also to the broader archaeology of death and prehistoric and protohistoric art globally, contributing to the international discourse on the interaction between image and space in chambered decorated tombs and their active agent.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/377832
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVE-377832