The question of villages and landscapes in Italy's inner areas is situated at the intersection of some of the most pressing challenges of the present day: the depopulation of rural and mountain territories, the decline of historic built heritage, territorial inequalities in access to essential services, and the search for development models that do not sacrifice the margins in favour of the centres. These dynamics are rooted in long-term processes through which vast portions of the national territory have been progressively emptied of inhabitants, functions and economies, leaving behind a widespread built heritage in conditions of abandonment or underuse. Despite growing attention within scientific debate and public policy, accelerated by the definition of the National Strategy for Inner Areas (SNAI), a significant gap persists: development strategies for marginal territories, both in Italy and in the main comparable European contexts, have privileged the strengthening of essential services and support for local economies, while the specific question of abandoned built heritage has been neglected as an object of systematic intervention. This gap reflects the absence of a shared legal definition of the phenomenon, of adequate operational tools, and of methodologies accessible to small administrations, which rarely have the technical and economic resources necessary to address the problem autonomously. The research takes this scenario as its starting point and sets itself a general objective: to develop and validate an operational methodology for the census and valorisation of abandoned built heritage in inner areas, verifying its applicability in a real context and its transferability to other local administrations. The question guiding the work is whether it is possible to construct a census methodology for disused public heritage that is at once rigorous on the cognitive level, sustainable on the administrative level, and transferable at the inter-municipal and regional scale. Three hypotheses structure the inquiry: that abandonment is not a residual or inevitable phenomenon, but the outcome of systemic processes that can be addressed through targeted tools, provided these are designed in accordance with the actual capacities of administrations; that the inter-municipal scale represents the minimum effective dimension for policies aimed at regenerating disused heritage; and that the systematic production of knowledge, through standardised and shared censuses, constitutes the indispensable precondition for any evidence-based public policy in this field. On the methodological level, the research adopts an action-research approach, understood as an iterative process in which theory and practice mutually inform one another, and is structured in four phases. The first, theoretical and reconnaissance in nature, reconstructs the debate on inner areas and territorial inequalities, and comparatively analyses the policies for marginal territories adopted in Scotland, Switzerland and Italy, drawing also on two periods of research abroad at the Centre for Mountain Studies of the University of the Highlands and Islands in Perth and the Department of Architecture of ETH Zurich. It further addresses the phenomenon of built abandonment in its definitional, morphological and normative dimensions, proposing an operational systematisation according to building typologies, degrees of disuse and ownership regimes. The framework is completed by an analysis of two contemporary territorial dynamics that render the question of reuse more complex — touristification, with its risks of the commodification of space and the exclusion of residents, and the housing emergency, which produces the paradox of thousands of empty buildings alongside unmet housing demand — together with a critical review of socially, touristically, culturally and productively based reactivation practices, from which recurring enabling conditions in successful experiences emerge: project-based social capital, multifunctionality of provision, open territorial rootedness and public support configured as an enabler rather than as a permanent subsidy. The second phase grounds the theoretical framework in the study context: the inner areas of Abruzzo and, within these, the Basso Sangro-Trigno area, the first SNAI prototype area in Abruzzo, comprising thirty-eight municipalities in the province of Chieti marked by long-term depopulation and structural economic fragility, while at the same time possessing environmental and cultural capital of exceptional value. The territorial analysis, conducted through statistical data, planning documents and an extensive programme of site visits and field meetings with administrators, mayors and community cooperatives carried out over the course of the doctoral research, sets out the morphologies of abandonment that stratify the territory as though it were a palimpsest — from historic settlements to disused agricultural spaces, through to twentieth-century public buildings lacking protected status — and brings into focus the economic dimension of the phenomenon, further highlighted by the outcomes of post-seismic reconstruction: substantial public investment concentrated on the physical recovery of heritage, in the absence of territorial conditions enabling its effective use, produces a structural mismatch between refurbished provision and the vitality of places. The third phase, central to the overall economy of the research, develops and tests the census methodology; on the basis of a critical analysis of existing tools, a methodological kit was designed, comprising strategic guidelines and operational instruments (a structured survey form, data-collection instructions, and criteria for assessing the state of conservation and the potential for reuse) conceived to be managed by municipal technical officers within the scope of their ordinary duties. The methodology distinguishes intervention approaches according to the value of the assets: conservative restoration, appropriate for protected heritage or heritage of recognised historical-cultural value, is complemented by the adaptive reuse of unprotected heritage, oriented towards reactivating its use value and environmental value through flexible and reversible solutions. The trial was conducted in the municipality of Colledimacine (149 inhabitants), selected for its advanced depopulation and for the presence of disused public heritage significant relative to the size of the municipality, and led to the survey of eleven abandoned public buildings, characterised on both a quantitative and a qualitative level and validated through a participatory presentation of results to the administration. The fourth phase critically evaluates the results and addresses the question of the scalability of the model, analysing the limitations of the trial. Circumscribed to public heritage alone and tested in a single municipality, the methodology presents a defined scope of validity: it does not cover private heritage, which in small Apennine municipalities is estimated to represent between 70% and 85% of the total abandoned built stock, nor the inter-municipal dimension, nor the question of fragmented ownership that characterises much of the disused private heritage. On this basis, the research discusses the institutional and governance conditions necessary to extend the approach beyond the boundaries of the trial. The research has produced results on three levels. On the cognitive level, it has yielded an articulated analytical picture of built abandonment in the inner areas of Abruzzo, confirming that the phenomenon is not an inevitable outcome of marginalisation but the product of systemic processes that can be countered. On the methodological level, it has demonstrated the technical and organisational feasibility of a census conducted with the ordinary resources of a small municipality: the methodology proved comprehensible, manageable by technical officers without additional specialist competences, and capable of producing information sufficient to support regeneration policies. On the strategic level, it has identified the conditions for scaling the model, formulating operational recommendations addressed to different levels of government and proposing the establishment of a “Pact for Disused Heritage”: a multi-level coordination instrument integrating standardised censuses, shared priority criteria, dedicated resources and outcome monitoring, with a view to transforming a widespread critical issue into a strategic lever for the regeneration of marginal territories. Such a framework, however, can function only if sustained by a political will extending beyond the technical instrument itself: reinhabiting the margins of the country, the thesis ultimately argues, is not merely a technical matter, but a political and cultural choice concerning the country as a whole.
La questione dei borghi e dei paesaggi delle aree interne italiane si colloca al crocevia di alcune delle sfide più urgenti del nostro tempo: lo spopolamento dei territori rurali e montani, il declino del patrimonio edilizio storico, le disuguaglianze territoriali nell'accesso ai servizi essenziali e la ricerca di modelli di sviluppo che non sacrifichino i margini in favore dei centri. Queste dinamiche affondano le radici in processi di lunga durata che hanno progressivamente svuotato di abitanti, funzioni ed economie vaste porzioni del territorio nazionale, lasciando in eredità un patrimonio edilizio diffuso in condizioni di abbandono o sottoutilizzo. Nonostante la crescente attenzione del dibattito scientifico e delle politiche pubbliche, accelerata dalla definizione della Strategia Nazionale per le Aree Interne, permane una lacuna significativa: le strategie di sviluppo per i territori marginali, tanto in Italia quanto nei principali contesti europei comparabili, hanno privilegiato il rafforzamento dei servizi essenziali e il sostegno alle economie locali, trascurando la questione specifica del patrimonio edilizio abbandonato come oggetto di intervento sistematico. Questa lacuna riflette l'assenza di una definizione giuridica condivisa del fenomeno, di strumenti operativi adeguati e di metodologie accessibili alle piccole amministrazioni, che raramente dispongono delle risorse tecniche ed economiche necessarie per affrontare il problema in autonomia. La ricerca muove da questo scenario e si propone un obiettivo generale: sviluppare e validare una metodologia operativa per il censimento e la valorizzazione del patrimonio edilizio abbandonato nelle aree interne, verificandone l'applicabilità in un contesto reale e la trasferibilità ad altre amministrazioni locali. La domanda che orienta il lavoro è se sia possibile costruire una metodologia di censimento del patrimonio pubblico dismesso che risulti al tempo stesso rigorosa sul piano conoscitivo, sostenibile sul piano amministrativo e trasferibile su scala intercomunale e regionale. Tre ipotesi strutturano l'indagine: che l'abbandono non sia un fenomeno residuale o inevitabile, ma l'esito di processi sistemici affrontabili con strumenti mirati, purché progettati in coerenza con le capacità reali delle amministrazioni; che la scala intercomunale rappresenti la dimensione minima efficace per politiche di rigenerazione del patrimonio dismesso; che la produzione sistematica di conoscenza, attraverso censimenti standardizzati e condivisi, costituisca la precondizione irrinunciabile di ogni politica pubblica evidence based in materia. Sul piano metodologico, la ricerca adotta l'approccio della ricerca-azione, inteso come processo iterativo in cui teoria e pratica si alimentano reciprocamente, e si articola in quattro fasi. La prima, teorica e ricognitiva, ricostruisce il dibattito sulle aree interne e sulle disuguaglianze territoriali, analizza comparativamente le politiche per i territori marginali adottate in Scozia, Svizzera e Italia, anche grazie a due periodi di ricerca all'estero presso il Centre for Mountain Studies dell'University of the Highlands and Islands di Perth e il Dipartimento di Architettura dell'ETH di Zurigo. Affronta inoltre il fenomeno dell'abbandono edilizio nelle sue dimensioni definitorie, morfologiche e normative, proponendone una sistematizzazione operativa per tipologie edilizie, gradi di dismissione e regimi proprietari. Completano il quadro l'analisi di due dinamiche territoriali contemporanee che contribuiscono a rendere più complessa la questione del riuso: da un lato, la turistificazione, con i connessi rischi di mercificazione dello spazio e di progressiva esclusione dei residenti; dall'altro, la crisi abitativa, che genera il paradosso di migliaia di edifici inutilizzati a fronte di una domanda di alloggi ancora largamente insoddisfatta. A ciò si affianca una rassegna critica delle pratiche di riattivazione a base sociale, culturale, turistica e produttiva, dalla quale emergono alcune condizioni abilitanti ricorrenti nelle esperienze di maggior successo: la presenza di un capitale sociale orientato alla progettualità, la multifunzionalità delle iniziative, un forte radicamento territoriale capace al contempo di mantenersi aperto alle reti esterne e un sostegno pubblico concepito come fattore abilitante, piuttosto che come forma di sussidio permanente. La seconda fase radica il quadro teorico nel contesto di studio: le aree interne abruzzesi e, al loro interno, l'area del Basso Sangro-Trigno, prima area prototipo della SNAI in Abruzzo, composta da trentotto comuni della provincia di Chieti segnati da spopolamento di lunga durata, fragilità economica strutturale e, al contempo, da un capitale ambientale e culturale di eccezionale valore. L'analisi territoriale, condotta attraverso dati statistici, documenti di programmazione e un lavoro esteso di sopralluoghi e incontri sul campo con amministratori, sindaci e cooperative di comunità, realizzato nell'arco del percorso dottorale, restituisce le morfologie dell'abbandono che stratificano il territorio come un palinsesto, dagli insediamenti storici agli spazi agricoli dismessi, fino agli edifici pubblici del Novecento privi di tutela, e mette a fuoco la dimensione economica del fenomeno, evidenziata anche dagli esiti della ricostruzione post-sismica: ingenti investimenti pubblici concentrati sul recupero fisico del patrimonio, in assenza di condizioni territoriali che ne consentano l'effettivo utilizzo, producono un mismatch strutturale tra offerta riqualificata e vitalità dei luoghi. La terza fase, centrale nell'economia della ricerca, è dedicata allo sviluppo e alla sperimentazione della metodologia di censimento. A partire dall'analisi critica degli strumenti esistenti, è stato elaborato un kit metodologico composto da linee guida strategiche e strumenti operativi, tra cui una scheda di rilevazione strutturata, istruzioni per la raccolta dei dati e criteri per la valutazione dello stato di conservazione e del potenziale di riuso degli immobili. Il kit è stato concepito per essere utilizzato direttamente dai tecnici comunali nell'ambito delle attività e delle competenze ordinarie, garantendo al contempo semplicità applicativa, replicabilità e affidabilità dei risultati. La metodologia distingue gli approcci di intervento in funzione del valore dei beni: al restauro conservativo, appropriato per il patrimonio tutelato o di riconosciuto valore storico-culturale, si affianca il riuso adattivo del patrimonio privo di tutela, orientato a riattivarne il valore d'uso e il valore ambientale attraverso soluzioni flessibili e reversibili. La sperimentazione è stata condotta nel comune di Colledimacine (149 abitanti), selezionato per il suo spopolamento avanzato e per la presenza di un patrimonio pubblico dismesso significativo rispetto alle dimensioni del comune, e ha portato alla rilevazione di undici immobili pubblici abbandonati, caratterizzati sul piano quantitativo e qualitativo e validati attraverso una restituzione partecipata con l'amministrazione. La quarta fase valuta criticamente i risultati e affronta la questione della scalabilità del modello, analizzando i limiti della sperimentazione. Circoscritta al solo patrimonio pubblico e sperimentata su un unico comune, la metodologia presenta un perimetro di validità definito: non copre il patrimonio privato, che nei piccoli comuni appenninici rappresenta, secondo stime, tra il 70% e l'85% del totale dell'edilizia abbandonata, né la dimensione intercomunale, né la questione della frammentazione proprietaria che caratterizza gran parte del patrimonio privato dismesso. Su queste basi la ricerca discute le condizioni istituzionali e di governance necessarie per estendere l'approccio oltre i confini della sperimentazione. La ricerca ha prodotto risultati su tre livelli. Sul piano conoscitivo, ha restituito un quadro analitico articolato dell'abbandono edilizio nelle aree interne abruzzesi, confermando che il fenomeno non è un esito inevitabile della marginalizzazione ma il prodotto di processi sistemici contrastabili. Sul piano metodologico, ha dimostrato la fattibilità tecnica e organizzativa di un censimento condotto con le risorse ordinarie di un piccolo comune: la metodologia si è rivelata comprensibile, gestibile da tecnici che non hanno competenze specialistiche aggiuntive e in grado di produrre informazioni sufficienti a supportare politiche di rigenerazione. Sul piano strategico, ha identificato le condizioni per scalare il modello, formulando raccomandazioni operative rivolte ai diversi livelli di governo e proponendo l'istituzione di un "Patto per il Patrimonio Dismesso": uno strumento di coordinamento multilivello che integri censimenti standardizzati, criteri condivisi di priorità, risorse dedicate e monitoraggio degli esiti nella prospettiva di trasformare una criticità diffusa in una leva strategica per la rigenerazione dei territori marginali. Un simile impianto, tuttavia, può funzionare solo se sostenuto da una volontà che va oltre lo strumento tecnico: riabitare i margini del Paese, sostiene in conclusione la tesi, non è soltanto una questione tecnica, ma una scelta politica e culturale che riguarda l'intero sistema Paese.
Borghi e paesaggi delle aree interne abruzzesi: strategie di riuso e rigenerazione nell'area Basso Sangro - Trigno.
Matta, Ilaria
2026
Abstract
The question of villages and landscapes in Italy's inner areas is situated at the intersection of some of the most pressing challenges of the present day: the depopulation of rural and mountain territories, the decline of historic built heritage, territorial inequalities in access to essential services, and the search for development models that do not sacrifice the margins in favour of the centres. These dynamics are rooted in long-term processes through which vast portions of the national territory have been progressively emptied of inhabitants, functions and economies, leaving behind a widespread built heritage in conditions of abandonment or underuse. Despite growing attention within scientific debate and public policy, accelerated by the definition of the National Strategy for Inner Areas (SNAI), a significant gap persists: development strategies for marginal territories, both in Italy and in the main comparable European contexts, have privileged the strengthening of essential services and support for local economies, while the specific question of abandoned built heritage has been neglected as an object of systematic intervention. This gap reflects the absence of a shared legal definition of the phenomenon, of adequate operational tools, and of methodologies accessible to small administrations, which rarely have the technical and economic resources necessary to address the problem autonomously. The research takes this scenario as its starting point and sets itself a general objective: to develop and validate an operational methodology for the census and valorisation of abandoned built heritage in inner areas, verifying its applicability in a real context and its transferability to other local administrations. The question guiding the work is whether it is possible to construct a census methodology for disused public heritage that is at once rigorous on the cognitive level, sustainable on the administrative level, and transferable at the inter-municipal and regional scale. Three hypotheses structure the inquiry: that abandonment is not a residual or inevitable phenomenon, but the outcome of systemic processes that can be addressed through targeted tools, provided these are designed in accordance with the actual capacities of administrations; that the inter-municipal scale represents the minimum effective dimension for policies aimed at regenerating disused heritage; and that the systematic production of knowledge, through standardised and shared censuses, constitutes the indispensable precondition for any evidence-based public policy in this field. On the methodological level, the research adopts an action-research approach, understood as an iterative process in which theory and practice mutually inform one another, and is structured in four phases. The first, theoretical and reconnaissance in nature, reconstructs the debate on inner areas and territorial inequalities, and comparatively analyses the policies for marginal territories adopted in Scotland, Switzerland and Italy, drawing also on two periods of research abroad at the Centre for Mountain Studies of the University of the Highlands and Islands in Perth and the Department of Architecture of ETH Zurich. It further addresses the phenomenon of built abandonment in its definitional, morphological and normative dimensions, proposing an operational systematisation according to building typologies, degrees of disuse and ownership regimes. The framework is completed by an analysis of two contemporary territorial dynamics that render the question of reuse more complex — touristification, with its risks of the commodification of space and the exclusion of residents, and the housing emergency, which produces the paradox of thousands of empty buildings alongside unmet housing demand — together with a critical review of socially, touristically, culturally and productively based reactivation practices, from which recurring enabling conditions in successful experiences emerge: project-based social capital, multifunctionality of provision, open territorial rootedness and public support configured as an enabler rather than as a permanent subsidy. The second phase grounds the theoretical framework in the study context: the inner areas of Abruzzo and, within these, the Basso Sangro-Trigno area, the first SNAI prototype area in Abruzzo, comprising thirty-eight municipalities in the province of Chieti marked by long-term depopulation and structural economic fragility, while at the same time possessing environmental and cultural capital of exceptional value. The territorial analysis, conducted through statistical data, planning documents and an extensive programme of site visits and field meetings with administrators, mayors and community cooperatives carried out over the course of the doctoral research, sets out the morphologies of abandonment that stratify the territory as though it were a palimpsest — from historic settlements to disused agricultural spaces, through to twentieth-century public buildings lacking protected status — and brings into focus the economic dimension of the phenomenon, further highlighted by the outcomes of post-seismic reconstruction: substantial public investment concentrated on the physical recovery of heritage, in the absence of territorial conditions enabling its effective use, produces a structural mismatch between refurbished provision and the vitality of places. The third phase, central to the overall economy of the research, develops and tests the census methodology; on the basis of a critical analysis of existing tools, a methodological kit was designed, comprising strategic guidelines and operational instruments (a structured survey form, data-collection instructions, and criteria for assessing the state of conservation and the potential for reuse) conceived to be managed by municipal technical officers within the scope of their ordinary duties. The methodology distinguishes intervention approaches according to the value of the assets: conservative restoration, appropriate for protected heritage or heritage of recognised historical-cultural value, is complemented by the adaptive reuse of unprotected heritage, oriented towards reactivating its use value and environmental value through flexible and reversible solutions. The trial was conducted in the municipality of Colledimacine (149 inhabitants), selected for its advanced depopulation and for the presence of disused public heritage significant relative to the size of the municipality, and led to the survey of eleven abandoned public buildings, characterised on both a quantitative and a qualitative level and validated through a participatory presentation of results to the administration. The fourth phase critically evaluates the results and addresses the question of the scalability of the model, analysing the limitations of the trial. Circumscribed to public heritage alone and tested in a single municipality, the methodology presents a defined scope of validity: it does not cover private heritage, which in small Apennine municipalities is estimated to represent between 70% and 85% of the total abandoned built stock, nor the inter-municipal dimension, nor the question of fragmented ownership that characterises much of the disused private heritage. On this basis, the research discusses the institutional and governance conditions necessary to extend the approach beyond the boundaries of the trial. The research has produced results on three levels. On the cognitive level, it has yielded an articulated analytical picture of built abandonment in the inner areas of Abruzzo, confirming that the phenomenon is not an inevitable outcome of marginalisation but the product of systemic processes that can be countered. On the methodological level, it has demonstrated the technical and organisational feasibility of a census conducted with the ordinary resources of a small municipality: the methodology proved comprehensible, manageable by technical officers without additional specialist competences, and capable of producing information sufficient to support regeneration policies. On the strategic level, it has identified the conditions for scaling the model, formulating operational recommendations addressed to different levels of government and proposing the establishment of a “Pact for Disused Heritage”: a multi-level coordination instrument integrating standardised censuses, shared priority criteria, dedicated resources and outcome monitoring, with a view to transforming a widespread critical issue into a strategic lever for the regeneration of marginal territories. Such a framework, however, can function only if sustained by a political will extending beyond the technical instrument itself: reinhabiting the margins of the country, the thesis ultimately argues, is not merely a technical matter, but a political and cultural choice concerning the country as a whole.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/379900
URN:NBN:IT:UNICH-379900